The territory of Monferrato was situated south-east of Turin around the towns of Asti and Acqui. Aleramo, ancestor of the later rulers, was granted extensive territory in the area by Emperor Otto I in 967. Monferrato was ruled by the descendants of Aleramo´s younger son Oddone until 1305 (see Chapter 1 of the present document). On the extinction in the male line of this younger branch of the family, Monferrato passed to the descendants of the second marriage of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II and Yolanda, sister of Marchese Giovanni I (see Chapter 2). The descendants of Aleramo´s older son Anselmo ruled in Saluzzo, Savona and other territories to the south of Piemonte and north of Genoa (see Chapter 3). All the rulers among Aleramo´s descendants bore the title "Marchese".

The origin of the title "Marchese" in north-western Italy is difficult to establish. The name "March", normally associated with a frontier territory on the borders of the empire which required close, maybe military, government to impose control, is difficult to associate with this area of the early medieval kingdom of Italy. The title emerges in the area in the primary sources in the late 9th/early 10th centuries. Guido King of Italy donated property to the bishop of Fiesole, by charter dated 27 May 889, at the request of "Adalbertus…nepos noster et marchio", who was ancestor of the later Marchesi of Tuscany[1]. The title is referred to more generally in a charter dated 14 Sep 892, under which Emperor Guido granted rights to the monastery of Monte Amiata, with the usual clause guaranteeing against interference by "nullus dux, marchio, comes, gastaldius…"[2]. Emperor Lamberto confirmed the privileges granted to the monastery of Bobbio by "marchio noster atque…comes Anscharius" (who was Marchese in Ivrea) by charter dated 25 Jul 896[3]. Berengario I King of Italy granted property "in…Plumbiensis commitatus" to the church of Novara, at the request of "Iohannes…Ticinensis…episcopus et Odelricus comes et marchio…palatii nostri", by charter dated to [911/15][4]. By this time, the title was firmly established in the families which ruled Ivrea and Tuscany. From the mid-10th century, it was extended to the ancestors of the Este family ("Hotberti marchio comes palatii" is named in a document of the church of Asti dated 962[5]) and to the rulers of Turin and Susa.

The earliest reference to the title "Marchese" in relation to the territory of Monferrato is a charter dated 23 Jun 909 under which Berengario I King of Italy donated various properties, including in Monferrato, Terdona and Acqui, to the church of S. Giovanni Domnarum di Pavia, at the request of "Adelardum…marchionem"[6]. Aleramo, ancestor of the families which are set out in the present document, was referred to as "fideli nostro Aledramo comiti" in a charter of Ugo King of Italy dated 6 Feb 938[7], but as "Aledramus Marchio" in a charter of Berengario II King of Italy dated Aug 951 (although this date is suspect as noted below)[8].

Much of the information about the Aleramici family is corrorborated by the diplomas of the bishopric of Acqui which have been collected in the two volumes of the late 18th century Monumenta Aquensia[9]. An early work on the family of the Marchesi di Monferrato is the history written by Benvenuto di San Giorgio Conte di Biandrate, dated to the late-15th/early 16th century[10]. This work includes fully quoted primary sources, some of which have not yet been located elsewhere, although it is wildly inaccurate in many parts of the commentary. In one passage, Benvenuto claims that the second wife of Aleramo, first Marchese, was "Adelisia ovvero Alasia figliuola di Ottone II Imperatore"[11] (apparently based on Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum which records the same ancestry[12]). In another passage, Benvenuto states that the wife of Guglielmo who, he claims was the son of Aleramo, was "Elena…figliuola del Duca di Glocesto fratello di Ricardo Re d´Inghilterra"[13]. All such entries can safely be disregarded.

Chapter 1. MARCHESI di MONFERRATO, DESCENDANTS of ALERAMO

A. ORIGINS

ALERAMO, son of Conte GUGLIELMO & his wife --- (-[967/91]). Conte. "Hugo et Lotharius…Reges" granted property "Forum…supra fluvium Tanari in comitatu Aquensi…et Villa…Roncho" to "fideli nostro Aledramo comiti" by charter dated 6 Feb 938[14]. Marchese, after 938. "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[15]. Emperor Otto I granted land "a flumine Tanari usque ad flumen Urbam et ad litus maris…Dego, Bagnasco, Ballangio, Salocedo, Loceti, Salfole, Miola, Pulchrone, Grualia, Pruneto, Altefino, Curtemilia, Montenesi, Noseto, Maximino, Arche" to "Aleramum Marchionum" by charter dated 23 Mar 967[16]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio states that Aleramo died in 995 and was buried at the abbey of Grazano, but does not cite the corresponding primary source[17].

m firstly ---. The primary source which directly confirms this first marriage has not yet been identified. However, the chronology of Aleramo´s known wife Gilberga suggests that she could not have been the mother of his known children.

m secondly (before Jul 961) GILBERGA di Ivrea, daughter of BERENGARIO II King of Italy [Ivrea] & his wife Willa d'Arles (945-). "Gislam [et]…Girbergam" are named as daughters of Berengar and Willa by Liutprand[18]. "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[19]. The dating of this charter is dubious, assuming that Gilberga´s date of birth is correct as shown above.

Aleramo & his first wife had three children:

1. GUGLIELMO (-[before Aug 951]). "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[20]. The dating of this charter is dubious, assuming that Gilberga´s date of birth is correct as shown above.

2. ANSELMO (-[999/1014]). "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[21]. Marchese della Liguria Orientale 991.

- MARCHESI del VASTO, MARCHESI di SALUZZO.

3. ODDONE (-before 991). "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[22]. m --- di Piacenza, daughter of RIPRANDO Conte di Piacenza & his wife ---. Oddone & his wife had four children:

a) GUGLIELMO [I] (-before 20 Oct 1040). "Anselmo Marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Aledrami itemque Marchio et Gisla comitissa jugalibus filiæ Adalberti, similique Marchioque Willielmus et Riprandus germanis filio bonæ memoriæ Oddoni…Gisla ex natione mea legem…Longobardorum et nunc pro viro legem…Salica…" founded the monastery of Santo Quintini di Spigno by charter dated 991[23].

- see below.

b) RIPRANDO . "Anselmo Marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Aledrami itemque Marchio et Gisla comitissa jugalibus filiæ Adalberti, similique Marchioque Willielmus et Riprandus germanis filio bonæ memoriæ Oddoni…Gisla ex natione mea legem…Longobardorum et nunc pro viro legem…Salica…" founded the monastery of Santo Quintini di Spigno by charter dated 991[24]. 1021. "Heinricus…imperator" confirmed the property of the abbey of Fruttuaria, referring to property donated by "Ugo clericus et mater eius et fratres eius Anselmi marchionis filii et Vuillilemus et Raprandus fratres filii marchionis Oddoni", by charter dated 1014[25]. m ---. The name of Riprando's wife is not known. Riprando & his wife had one child:

i) OTTONE (-after 1040). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

- MARCHESI di OCCIMIANO.

c) OTA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m OTTO di Monfaleone .

d) WALDRADA (-after 1029). "Agelburga…relicta quondam Frugerii et Wido seu Gariardus germani filii" sold property "in comitatu Motinensi in loco…Sorbaria…alia in comitatu Parmensi" to "Walderada filia quondam Oddonis qui fuit Marchio" by charter dated 21 Jan 1029[26].

GUGLIELMO [I], son of ODDONE & his wife --- di Piacenza (-before 20 Oct 1040). "Anselmo Marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Aledrami itemque Marchio et Gisla comitissa jugalibus filiæ Adalberti, similique Marchioque Willielmus et Riprandus germanis filio bonæ memoriæ Oddoni…Gisla ex natione mea legem…Longobardorum et nunc pro viro legem…Salica…" founded the monastery of Santo Quintini di Spigno by charter dated 991[27]. Lord of the March of Monferrato [Marchio Monferratensis]. "Heinricus…imperator" confirmed the property of the abbey of Fruttuaria, referring to property donated by "Ugo clericus et mater eius et fratres eius Anselmi marchionis filii et Vuillilemus et Raprandus fratres filii marchionis Oddoni", by charter dated 1014[28].

m WAZA, daughter of --- (-before 29 Jan 1042). The Libro miraculorum S. Bononii records a visit to the church by "Uvaza Villelmi Marchionis uxor" dated to 1030[29].

Guglielmo [I] & his wife had [four] children:

1. OTTONE . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Lord of the March of Monferrato [Marchio Monferratensis].

- see below.

2. ENRICO (-[14 Mar 1044/1045]). Lord of the March of Monferrato [Marchio Monferratensis]. "Heynricus marchio filius quondam Uuilielmi similique marchioni et Adalagide cometisse jugales filia bone memorie Odolrici qui et Maginfredi similique marchionis" donated churches to the church of Torino by charter dated 29 Jan 1042[30]. "Henricus marchio filius quondam Wilielmi similiter marchioni et Adalena comitissa jugales filia quondam bo. me. Oldrici…Maginfredi…marchioni" donated property to San Antonino by charter dated 1043[31]. "Adalania comitissa filia quondam Odolricus…Magenfridi et conjux Enricus" donated property to Santa Maria di Cavorre by charter dated 1043[32]. Rivaz, in his compiled index of Burgundian charters. notes a charter dated 1043 under which "Henri marquis de Monferrat et Adelaide de Susa son épouse" donated the church of Santa Agata, Susa to the monastery of Saint-Antonin[33]. "Domnus Henricus marchio filius quondam Vuilielmi…marchio et domna Adeleita cometissa iugales, filia quondam Odelrici qui et Magnifredi…marchionis" donated property to Pinerolo by charter dated 14 Mar [1044][34]. m (before 19 Jan 1042) as her second husband, ADELAIDA Marchesa di Susa, widow of HERMANN IV Duke of Swabia, daughter of MANFREDO UDALRICO Marchese di Susa Conte di Turino & his wife Berta degli Obertenghi (Turin 1020-Canischio in Canavese 27 Dec 1091, bur Turin, cathedral of San Giovanni). Her first marriage is confirmed by Herimannus who records that "Hermannus quoque dux Alamanniæ" was granted "marcham soceri sui Maginfredi in Italia" by the emperor in 1034[35]. "Heynricus marchio filius quondam Uuilielmi similique marchioni et Adalagide cometisse jugales filia bone memorie Odolrici qui et Maginfredi similique marchionis" donated churches to the church of Torino by charter dated 29 Jan 1042[36]. "Henricus marchio filius quondam Wilielmi similiter marchioni et Adalena comitissa jugales filia quondam bo. me. Oldrici…Maginfredi…marchioni" donated property to San Antonino by charter dated 1043[37]. "Adalania comitissa filia quondam Odolricus…Magenfridi et conjux Enricus" donated property to Santa Maria di Cavorre by charter dated 1043[38]. Rivaz, in his compiled index of Burgundian charters. notes a charter dated 1043 under which "Henri marquis de Monferrat et Adelaide de Susa son épouse" donated the church of Santa Agata, Susa to the monastery of Saint-Antonin[39]. "Domnus Henricus marchio filius quondam Vuilielmi…marchio et domna Adeleita cometissa iugales, filia quondam Odelrici qui et Magnifredi…marchionis" donated property to Pinerolo by charter dated 14 Mar [1044][40]. She married thirdly ([1046]) Oddon de Maurienne Comte de Chablais [Savoie]. The Annalista Saxo names "Adelheidis que soror erat comitis qui agnominatus est de Monte Bardonis in Italia et Immule seu Irmingardis" as wife of "Ottonis marchionis de Italia"[41]. She was regent for her son in 1060 after the death of her husband, playing a significant role in support of Heinrich IV King of Germany, her son-in-law, in his disputes with the Papacy. She mediated with Pope Gregory VII when King Heinrich submitted to him at Canossa in 1077, and received in return the town of Bugey for the house of Savoy[42]. The necrology of Schaffhausen records the death "XIV Kal Jan" of "Adelheida Taurinensis comitissa"[43]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" confirmed the possessions of the church at Asti by undated charter placed in the compilation with other charters dated 1093, which notes among others property in "comitatum [Astensi]…habuit et tenuit Adheledis comitissa"[44].

3. [GIULITTA (-after 4 May 1080). "Ugo comes filio b. m. Rodulfi qui fuit similiter comes et Juletta jugales et filia b. m. Wilelmi qui fuit marchio" made commitments regarding "castello…Suvereto" to the bishop of Lucca by charter dated 4 May 1080[45]. It is not certain that "Wilelmi…marchio" in this document was the same person as Guglielmo [I] Marchese di Monferrato, but no other Marchese Guglielmo has been identified at that time. m UGO, son of RODOLFO & his wife --- (-after 4 May 1080).]

4. [BURGUNDO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1081.] m ---. The name of Burgundo's wife is not known. Burgundo & his wife had two children:

a) GUGLIELMO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) MATILDA (-after 31 Jul 1081). "Rambaldus Comes, filius Rambaldi Comitis de Civitate Tarvisii et Magthilda filia Burgundi Marchionis, conjugales" donated property to "monasterio ecclesie sancti Eustachii…in…Montelli…Narvisia" by charter dated 31 Jul 1081[46]. m RAMBALDO [II] Conte di Treviso, son of RAMBALDO [I] Conte di Treviso & his wife --- (-after 31 Jul 1081).

B. MARCHESI di OCCIMIANO

OTTONE, son of RIPRANDO & his wife --- (-after 1040). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

m ---. The name of Ottone's wife is not known.

Ottone & his wife had three children:

1. RIPRANDO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

2. OBERTO [I] (-after 1111). 1061/1100. "Marchionum Rainerii et Oberti eius consanguinei" donated the church of San Martino di Zenzano to the church of Casale by charter dated 1111, witnessed by "Boiamundus de Manciano nepos marchionis Oberti…"[47]. m ---. The name of Oberto's wife is not known. Oberto & his wife had [four] children:

a) --- . m ---. Two children:

i) ENRICO (-after 11 Jul 1147). Marchese di Occimiano. "Wilielmum filium quondam Oberti marchionis" sold property "in loco et fundo Mirabelli" the church of Casale by charter dated 11 Jul 1147, witnessed by "Galiane iugalis…Oberti marchionis…fratre suo…Anrici marchionis et Allerami fratris eius, Wilielmi de Forio"[48].

ii) ALERAMO [I] (-after 11 Jul 1147). "Wilielmum filium quondam Oberti marchionis" sold property "in loco et fundo Mirabelli" the church of Casale by charter dated 11 Jul 1147, witnessed by "Galiane iugalis…Oberti marchionis…fratre suo…Anrici marchionis et Allerami fratris eius, Wilielmi de Forio"[49].

b) [daughter . The charter dated 1111 which is quoted below suggests that Boemondo´s mother was the sister of Marchese Oberto [II], assuming that the word nepos in the document should be interpreted as nephew.] m --- di Mansano, son of ---. One child:

i) BOEMONDO di Mansano (-after 1111). "Marchionum Rainerii et Oberti eius consanguinei" donated the church of San Martino di Zenzano to the church of Casale by charter dated 1111, witnessed by "Boiamundus de Manciano nepos marchionis Oberti…"[50].

c) OBERTO [II] (-before 1147). "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[51]. Marchese. "Obertus Marchio" swore allegiance to the bishop of Asti by charter dated 19 Jul 1119 "per viam inter Occimianum et Fraxenetum"[52]. m BERTA [Adelasia], daughter of DARNADO & his wife ---. "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[53]. Oberto [II] & his wife had five children:

i) GUGLIELMO (-after 11 Jul 1147). "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[54]. "Wilielmum filium quondam Oberti marchionis" sold property "in loco et fundo Mirabelli" the church of Casale by charter dated 11 Jul 1147, witnessed by "Galiane iugalis…Oberti marchionis…fratre suo…Anrici marchionis et Allerami fratris eius, Wilielmi de Forio"[55]. m GALIANA, daughter of --- (-after 11 Jul 1147). "Wilielmum filium quondam Oberti marchionis" sold property "in loco et fundo Mirabelli" the church of Casale by charter dated 11 Jul 1147, witnessed by "Galiane iugalis…Oberti marchionis…fratre suo…Anrici marchionis et Allerami fratris eius, Wilielmi de Forio"[56].

ii) ALERAMO . "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[57].

iii) BERNARDO . "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[58]. 1149. Marchese di Occimiano.

iv) RIPRANDO . "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[59].

v) OBERTO (-after 11 Jul 1147). "Obertus marchio filius cuiusdam item Oberti" and "Berta que et Adaelasia jugalis filia cuiusdam Darnadi et Wilielmus atque Aledran et Bernardus, Riprandus et Obertus pater et filii" donated "priori de Castelleto" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Nov 1127[60]. "Wilielmum filium quondam Oberti marchionis" sold property "in loco et fundo Mirabelli" the church of Casale by charter dated 11 Jul 1147, witnessed by "Galiane iugalis…Oberti marchionis…fratre suo…Anrici marchionis et Allerami fratris eius, Wilielmi de Forio"[61].

d) [OTTONE . "Oddo […Canefri] filii quondam Oberti comitis…ex natione mea lege…Lombardorum" donated property "in loco…Roboreti" to Santa Maria by charter dated 1107[62].]

3. GUGLIELMO di Montemagno . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Marchese di Viarigi.

1. ANSELMO (-after 5 Jul 1198). Marchese di Occimiano. A charter dated 5 Jul 1198 records an agreement between the commune of Alessandria and "Dominus Anselmus et Vermus et Conradus fratres Marchiones de Occimiano"[63].

2. GUGLIELMO (-after 5 Jul 1198). Marchese di Occimiano. A charter dated 5 Jul 1198 records an agreement between the commune of Alessandria and "Dominus Anselmus et Vermus et Conradus fratres Marchiones de Occimiano"[64].

3. CORRADO (-after 5 Jul 1198). Marchese di Occimiano. A charter dated 5 Jul 1198 records an agreement between the commune of Alessandria and "Dominus Anselmus et Vermus et Conradus fratres Marchiones de Occimiano"[65].

1. ALERAMO [II] . Marchese di Occimiano. m ---. The name of Aleramo´s wife is not known. Aleramo [II] & his wife had two children:

a) OBERTO (-after 7 Apr 1269). Marchese di Occimiano. "Domini Obertus et Bonifacius marchiones Occimiani et filii condam domini Alerami marchionis" settled disputes with the church of Casale, arbitrated by "dominum Guillelmum Tortam", by charter dated 7 Apr 1269[66].

b) BONIFAZIO (-after 7 Apr 1269). Marchese di Occimiano. "Domini Obertus et Bonifacius marchiones Occimiani et filii condam domini Alerami marchionis" settled disputes with the church of Casale, arbitrated by "dominum Guillelmum Tortam", by charter dated 7 Apr 1269[67].

C. MARCHESI di MONFERRATO

OTTONE, son of Marchese GUGLIELMO & his wife Waza --- . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Lord of the March of Monferrato [Marchio Monferratensis]. "Ottone marchione et comite Montisferratensi" consented to the donation by "Oldericus marchio filius b. m. Widonis marchionis, et Julita comitissa uxor eius" donated property to "monasterii S. Silani…juxta flumen Sicidæ in loco Romagnano" by charter dated 20 Oct 1040[68].

m ---. The name of Ottone's wife is not known.

Ottone & his wife had two children:

1. GUGLIELMO [III] (-[1084/85] or before 28 Dec 1101). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Marchese di Ravenna. [A highly speculative theory is noted under ANTIOCH, which is a possible co-identity between Marchese Guglielmo [III] and Marchese Guglielmo/Odo, the father of Tancred Prince of Antioch, nephew on his mother's side of Bohemond of Apulia Prince of Antioch. If this is correct, the first wife of Marchese Guglielmo [III] was Emma, daughter of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia. Tancred's father enjoyed a sufficiently prominent position in southern Italy to be described only as "the Marquis" in many contemporary records. No suitable southern Italian family of which he may have been a member has been identified. It does appear that the title "marchese" in Italy was at that time limited to families in the north, a logical conclusion considering the original purpose of the "march" being a border area into which a powerful government (in the case of northern Italy, Germany) was pushing its jurisdiction. Tancred's own illustrious marriage to the daughter of Philippe I King of France in 1106 is also best explained if the bridegroom had good family connections on his father's, as well as his mother's, side of the family. The validity of the theory depends, however, on whether any connection can be proved between Marchese Guglielmo [III] and southern Italy. If further information shows that Marchese Guglielmo's activities were confined to the north, it is improbable that the theory would be correct.] m firstly ---. The name of Guglielmo´s first wife is not known, other than the speculation noted above. This first marriage is indicated by the absence of Guglielmo´s son Enrico from the charter dated 28 Dec 1101 which names his two other known sons and their mother. m secondly OTTA di Agledo, daughter of TEBALDO di Agledo [from Ravenna] & his wife --- (-after 28 Dec 1101). "Vuilielmus et Reinerius fratres et Marchiones filii quondam item Vuilelmi Marchionis de Ravenna seu Otta comitissa mater et filii et filia quondam Tebaldi de Agldo et relicta jam dicta quondam Vuilelmi Marchionis quondam vir meus" donated property to the church of Vercelli by charter dated 28 Dec 1101[69]. Guglielmo [III] & his first wife had one child:

a) ENRICO [II] "il Balbo" (-before 4 Jan 1127). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Marchese di Rocchetta. m ---. The name of Enrico's wife is not known. Enrico & his wife had one child:

i) BERNARDO . "Rainerius Marchio filius quondam Vilielmi Marchionis et Ardicius filius quondam item Ardicionis et Bernardus filius quondam Henrici" donated property to the monastery of "Virginis Mariæ sito in loco Lucedii" by charter dated 4 Jan 1126 (O.S.)[70]. Marchese di Rocchetta. 1127/35. m ---. The name of Bernardo's wife is not known. Bernardo & his wife had one child:

(a) DOMICELLA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Heiress of Rocchetta. The Annals of Ottobono record that "Donexella uxor quondam Alberti marchionis de Incisa et filii eius" were captured by the consuls of Genoa in 1188/89[71]. m ALBERTO Marchese di Incisa, son of --- (-before 1189).

Guglielmo [III] & his second wife had two children:

b) GUGLIELMO [IV] "Inforzato" (-before 4 Jan 1127). "Vuilielmus et Reinerius fratres et Marchiones filii quondam item Vuilelmi Marchionis de Ravenna seu Otta comitissa mater et filii et filia quondam Tebaldi de Agldo et relicta jam dicta quondam Vuilelmi Marchionis quondam vir meus" donated property to the church of Vercelli by charter dated 28 Dec 1101[72].

c) RANIERI di Monferrato (-[1135/37]). "Vuilielmus et Reinerius fratres et Marchiones filii quondam item Vuilelmi Marchionis de Ravenna seu Otta comitissa mater et filii et filia quondam Tebaldi de Agldo et relicta jam dicta quondam Vuilelmi Marchionis quondam vir meus" donated property to the church of Vercelli by charter dated 28 Dec 1101[73]. Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

2. ARDIZZONE [I] (-before 4 Jan 1127). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m RICHELDA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Ardizzone [I] & his wife had one child:

a) ARDIZZONE [II] (-before 1172). "Rainerius Marchio filius quondam Vilielmi Marchionis et Ardicius filius quondam item Ardicionis et Bernardus filius quondam Henrici" donated property to the monastery of "Virginis Mariæ sito in loco Lucedii" by charter dated 4 Jan 1126 (O.S.)[74]. Marchese, at Felizzano. "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[75]. m ---. The name of Ardizzone's wife is not known. Ardizzone [II] & his wife had three children:

i) RANIERI . 1193.

ii) BONIFAZIO . 1193. He was ancestor of the Signori di Asti.

iii) ENRICO . 1193/97.

RANIERI 1111-[1135/37]

RANIERI di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO III Marchese di Ravenna & his second wife Otta di Agledo (-[1135/37]). "Vuilielmus et Reinerius fratres et Marchiones filii quondam item Vuilelmi Marchionis de Ravenna seu Otta comitissa mater et filii et filia quondam Tebaldi de Agldo et relicta jam dicta quondam Vuilelmi Marchionis quondam vir meus" donated property to the church of Vercelli by charter dated 28 Dec 1101[76]. "Rainerius Marchio filius quondam Vilielmi Marchionis et Ardicius filius quondam item Ardicionis et Bernardus filius quondam Henrici" donated property to the monastery of "Virginis Mariæ sito in loco Lucedii" by charter dated 4 Jan 1126 (O.S.)[77]. Marchese di Monferrato. "Marchionum Rainerii et Oberti eius consanguinei" donated the church of San Martino di Zenzano to the church of Ca sale by charter dated 1111, witnessed by "Boiamundus de Manciano nepos marchionis Oberti…"[78]. "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[79].

m ([1105]) as her second husband, GISELE de Bourgogne-Comté, widow of HUMBERT II "le Renforcé" Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie, daughter of GUILLAUME I Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte de Vienne et de Mâcon & his wife Etiennette --- ([1075]-after 1133). Her parentage is deduced from Suger saying that her daughter Adelaide, wife of Louis VI "le Gros" King of France, was the niece of Pope Calixtus II[80]. This is corroborated by "Guido Viennensis archiepiscopus" (later Pope Calixtus II) addressing a letter to "nepoti suo Amedeo comiti" (Amedée III Comte de Savoie, son of Gisèle by her first marriage) dated [1115][81]. Her date of birth is estimated from her having given birth to five children by her second husband whom she married in [1105], and assuming that she was no more than 17 years old when she gave birth to her first child by her first husband. Her second marriage is confirmed by Orderic Vitalis who records the marriage of Guillaume de Normandie and the daughter of Raniero III Marchese di Monferrato, naming both the bride's parents and specifying that the marriage was arranged by the bride's uterine half-sister, Adélaïde de Maurienne Queen of France[82]. "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[83].

Marchese Ranieri & his wife had five children:

1. GIOVANNA di Monferrato ([1107]-1191). Orderic Vitalis names her parents and specifies that her marriage was arranged by her uterine half-sister, Adélaïde de Maurienne Queen of France, but does not give her own name[84]. m (Jan 1127) as his second wife, GUILLAUME "Clito" de Normandie, son of ROBERT III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy & his wife Sibylle de Conversano (Rouen 1101-St Omer, Abbey of St Bertin 27 Jul 1128, bur St Omer, Abbey of St Bertin). He succeeded in Mar 1128 as GUILLAUME I Count of Flanders.

2. GUGLIELMO (1110-1191). "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[85]. He succeeded his father in [1137] as GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

3. MATILDA (-after 1166). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ALBERTO di Massa "Zueta" Marchese di Gavi e Parodi [Obertenghi], son of GUGLIELMO FRANCESCO detto Francigena di Massa, Marchese di Parodi (-[1148/66]).

4. ADALASIA . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. 1167/69. Nun at Vandieu in Provence.

5. ISABELLA . William of Tyre names "Guido comes de Blandrada qui prædicti marchionis [Guglielmo V] sororem habebat uxorem" when recording his presence with Konrad III King of Germany in Palestine in 1148[86]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m GUIDO [IV] Conte di Biandrate, son of ALBERTO Conte di Biandrate & his wife --- (-after 26 Aug 1172).

GUGLIELMO V [1135/37]-1191, CORRADO 1191-1192

GUGLIELMO di Monferrato, son of RANIERI III Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Gisèle de Bourgogne-Comté (1110-1191). "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[87]. His parentage is suggested by William of Tyre who names him "Wilelmus marchio de Monteferrato eiusdem domini imperatoris sororius" when recording his presence with Konrad III King of Germany in Palestine in 1148[88], and "avunculus" of Louis VII King of France when referring to the marriage of his son Guglielmo in 1176[89]. He succeeded his father in [1137] as GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato. Leader of the Ghibellin party in Italy. William of Tyre names him "Wilelmus marchio de Monteferrato eiusdem domini imperatoris sororius" when recording his presence with Konrad III King of Germany in Palestine in 1148[90], and "avunculus" of Louis VII King of France when referring to the marriage of his son Guglielmo in 1176[91]. "Guilelmus marchio filius quondam Rainerii…marchionis et Julita jugalis filia quondam marchionis Leopoldi de Austria" donated property to the monastery of Grassano by charter dated [15/16] Mar 1156[92]. He quarrelled with Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany and lent support to the Italian policy of Emperor Manuel I[93]. "Dominus Wilielmus Montisferrati marchio…et Bonefacius eius filius" renounced their rights in property in Cinaglio in favour of the church of Ca sale by charter dated 3 Sep 1184[94]. He arrived in Palestine in 1185 and was given a small fief in Galilee[95]. Saladin captured him and threatened to kill him unless his son Corrado surrendered Tyre but spared his life when his son refused[96]. He was released and allowed to return to his son at Tyre in Jul 1188[97].

m (before 28 Mar 1133) JUDITH of Austria, daughter of LEOPOLD III "der Heilige" Markgraf of Austria [Babenberg] & his second wife Agnes of Germany [Staufen] (-after 1178). The wife of Marchese Guglielmo is recorded by William of Tyre as sister of Konrad III King of Germany[98]. The Continuatio Claustroneoburgensis names "Iuta" as fifth daughter of "Liupoldus marchio Austrie" and "Agnetem imperatoris Heinrici IV filiam", specifying that she married "marchio de monte Phetran Regengerus"[99], although this appears chronologically impossible and presumably refers to Marchese Guglielmo. The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis refers to the wife of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" as "sororem domini Conradi regis Romanorum et domini Frederici ducis Suevorum"[100]. "Marchio Ragnerius filius quondam Willielmi et Gisla jugalis filia quondam Vialii, sive Willielmus filius iam dicti Ragnerii nec non et Julitta jugalis filia Lupaldi, atque Ardezonus filius quondam item Ardezonii" donated property to the monastery of Locedio by charter dated 28 Mar 1133 "in castro…Monsbellus"[101]. "Guilelmus marchio filius quondam Rainerii…marchionis et Julita jugalis filia quondam marchionis Leopoldi de Austria" donated property to the monastery of Grassano by charter dated [15/16] Mar 1156[102].

Marchese Guglielmo & his wife had [nine] children:

1. GUGLIELMO "Longa-Espia" di Monferrato ([1135/45]-Jun 1177). The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[103]. He is named "Guilhelm Longa-Espia" in the song by Peire Bremon "En abril, quan vei verdeyar"[104]. William of Tyre names him "dominus Willelmus marcho cognominatus Longaspata filius marchionis Willelmi senioris de Monteferrato" when recording his landing at Sidon in Oct 1176, marriage a few days later, and installation as Count of Jaffa and Ascalon[105]. His marriage was probably arranged on the suggestion of Louis VII King of France. He died of malaria[106]. m (Oct 1176) as her first husband, SIBYLLE of Jerusalem, daughter of Amaury I King of Jerusalem & his first wife Agnès de Courtenay ([1160]-[Sep/21 Oct] 1190). She succeeded in 1186 as Queen of Jerusalem.

- KINGS of JERUSALEM.

2. [BEATRICE (-bur Notre Dame de Grenoble). Marchese Guglielmo´s supposed daughter Beatrice is shown in many secondary sources but it is possible that she never existed. The wife of Dauphin Guigues [VII] is named Beatrix in secondary sources but the primary source which confirms that this is correct has not yet been identified. Her origin has been the subject of considerable controversy. The Vita Margaritæ Albonensis comitissæ records that the son of Marguerite de Viennois married "Imperatore…consanguineam"[107]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records that "Guigo tertius" married "neptem…primi Federici imperatoris"[108]. Chorier´s Histoire de Dauphiné names her Beatrice, daughter of Guglielmo V Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria, stating that her parentage is confirmed by letters from Emperor Friedrich I, dated 1168, addressed to "Guigoni Dalphino" which refer to her as "filia Guillelmi comitis Montisferrati"[109]. This document has not been found in a search of the MGH compilation of diplomas of Emperor Friedrich. Usseglio suggests that Chorier´s hypothesis is based on a misinterpretation of a charter of Emperor Friedrich II, dated Mar 1238, which is addressed to "Beatricis filiæ quondam Guillelmi Marchionis Montisferrati" (who was the daughter of Guglielmo VI Marchese di Monferrato, and widow of Dauphin André), and confirms privileges granted to Dauphin Guigues [VII] in 1155[110]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[111], Beatrice married secondly Enrico Marchese di Caretto. However, the only primary source which suggests this second marriage appears to be the late 13th/14th century Vida of the poet Raimbaut de Vaqueiras which describes her as sister of Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato and states that she married "Enric del Caret"[112]. However, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras himself calls her "filha del marques" in the famous 'Carros', 'Truan, mala guerra', composed in [1200/01], which emphasises her youth[113], which seems to suggest that the Beatrice in question must have been the daughter not sister of Marchese Bonifazio. A marriage with Dauphin Guigues would therefore be chronologically impossible. m [firstly] ([1155]) GUIGUES [VII] Dauphin de Viennois Comte d'Albon, son of GUIGUES [VI] Dauphin de Viennois & his wife Clémence [Marguerite] de Mâcon [Bourgogne-Comté] (-Château de Vizille 29 Jul 1162, bur Notre Dame de Grenoble). [m secondly ENRICO [I] del Carretto Marchese di Finale "il Guercio", son of BONIFAZIO Marchese del Vasto & his wife Agnès de Vermandois (Clavesana [1115]-Finale 1184).]

3. CORRADO di Monferrato ([1145/47]-murdered Tyre 28 Apr 1192). The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[114]. William of Tyre (Continuator) names him as son of "le marquis Boniface", but clarifies this error by specifying that his nephew was king of Jerusalem[115]. "Dominus Wilielmus Montisferrati marchio…et Bonefacius eius filius" renounced their rights in property in Cinaglio in favour of the church of Ca sale by charter dated 3 Sep 1184[116]. "Dominus Conradus filius marchionis Montisferrati" granted free passage through the straits of Chivasso to the abbeys of Staffarda and Casanova by charter dated 10 Oct 1186, witnessed by "dominus Bergungius Sancti Nazarii dominus Rainerius frater eius…"[117]. He arrived in Constantinople in [1186] and was placed in command of the troops which crushed the rebellion of Theodoros Branas by Emperor Isaakios II, whose sister he married[118]. On the other hand, according to Niketas Choniates he arrived at Constantinople "in spring 1187" for his marriage, and was involved in the suppression of the rebellion of General Alexios Branas[119]. The Chronicle of Ernoul also records that Corrado was involved in suppressing the rebellion of "Livernas"[120]. He was awarded the title caesar in 1187. Leaving Constantinople, he landed at Tyre 14 Jul 1187. He took command of the defence of the city against Saladin, who was unable to capture it[121]. He sent Josias Archbishop of Tyre to the Pope in late summer 1187 to inform him of the plight of the kingdom of Jerusalem[122]. He refused to surrender Tyre to Guy de Lusignan King of Jerusalem in 1188 and 1189, but was persuaded by Ludwig III "der Milde" Landgraf of Thuringia to join in King Guy's attack on Acre[123]. During the early part of the siege, he and King Guy settled their differences, with Corrado agreeing to recognise Guy as king while Corrado would continue to hold Tyre, together with Beirut and Sidon[124]. After the death of Queen Sibylle in 1190, Balian of Ibelin and his wife Queen Maria (mother of Isabelle of Jerusalem) considered Corrado a better candidate for the throne of Jerusalem than King Guy I. They therefore engineered his marriage to Isabelle, now heir to the throne, despite the fact that his previous two wives may still both have been alive at the time[125]. After his marriage, Corrado returned to Tyre, refusing to assume the throne of Jerusalem unless King Guy abdicated[126]. After the capitulation of Acre 12 Jul 1191, a meeting of the European dignitaries decided that Guy de Lusignan should remain as king of Jerusalem until his death, after which the crown would pass to Corrado, his wife Isabelle and their issue. Meanwhile Corrado would be lord of Tyre, Beirut and Sidon, and he and King Guy would share the royal revenues[127]. He succeeded his father in 1191 as CORRADO Marchese di Monferrato. After further quarrels between the crusader leaders, a council called by Richard King of England in Apr 1192 decided that Corrado should replace Guy as king of Jerusalem. His coronation was planned at Acre, but a few days later he was murdered at Tyre, apparently by two Assassins hired by Sheikh Sinan in revenge for an act of piracy against one of his merchant ships[128]. m firstly ---. According to Niketas Choniates, Corrado was "recently widowed" in late 1186-early 1187[129]. Ralph of Coggeshall, in describing how Richard I King of England was captured in Austria when travelling home from the Crusades, records that he was taken to "villam nomine Gazaram…a domino provinciæ illius, qui nepos extitit marchisii"[130]. It is assumed that "Gazaram" refers to Görz and that "marchisii" indicates Corrado Marchese di Monferrato. If this is correct, it indicates an otherwise unknown relationship between Marchese Corrado and Meinhard II Graf von Görz. It has been suggested that the connection could have been through Corrado's first wife whose identity is otherwise unknown[131]. m secondly (early 1187, abandoned [May/Jun] 1187) THEODORA Angelina, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Dukas Angelos & his wife Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa (-after 1195). The Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam records the marriage of "sororem suam [Ysachii] Hermem" and "Conrado marchionis filio"[132]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Conradi…Montisferrati domini filius" and "Imperatoris Isaacius…sorore Theodora"[133]. After she was repudiated, she became a nun at Dalmatios convent. m thirdly (24 Nov 1190) as her second husband, ISABELLE of Jerusalem, divorced wife of HONFROY [IV] Lord of Toron, daughter of AMAURY I King of Jerusalem & his second wife Maria Komnene (1172-before May 1206). She succeeded in 1192 as ISABELLE Queen of Jerusalem. She married thirdly (5 May 1192) Henri II Comte de Champagne, and fourthly (Oct 1198) as his second wife, Amaury I King of Cyprus.

- KINGS of JERUSALEM.

4. BONIFAZIO (1150-killed in battle 4 Sep 1207). The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[134]. He succeeded his brother in 1192 as BONIFAZIO I Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

5. FEDERIGO . The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife, specifying that "Fredericum…clericali cingulo militabat…Galbensis episcopus"[135]. Bishop of Alba. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, names "Federico" as the fifth son of "Gulielmo vechio figlolo di Raynerio" adding that he was a bishop[136].

6. RANIERI di Monferrato (1163-poisoned [19/31] Aug 1182). The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[137]. William of Tyre names him and his father, when recording his marriage, specifying that he was "adolescens" at the time[138]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[139], he was born in 1163, but this appears late bearing in mind the marriage date of Ranieri's parents, although it is broadly consistent with William of Tyre's describing him as "adolescens" when he married. He converted to Orthodoxy and adopted the name IOANNES in Byzantium. He was granted the title caesar by his father-in-law in 1180, along with extensive estates in Thessaloniki[140]. This grant provided the basis for the claim to Thessaloniki in 1204 by Bonifazio, older brother of Ranieri, after the capture of Constantinople by the armies of the Fourth Crusade. After the death of Emperor Manuel in 1180, Ranieri and his wife became the focus of opposition to the regency of her stepmother, dowager Empress Maria. Andronikos Komnenos ordered their murder after seizing power as co-Emperor in May 1182. m (Feb 1180) MARIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor MANUEL I & his first wife Bertha von Sulzbach ([Mar 1152]-poisoned Jul 1182). Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1180 of "Manuel imperator Constantinopolitano…filiam suam natam ex priore uxore sua" and "Rainerio filio Willelmi principis Montis Ferrati"[141]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage between "Maria filia [Manuelis]" and "filius Montisferrati marchionis, adolescenti"[142]. She and her husband became the focus of opposition to the regency of the dowager Empress Maria. She was put to death with her husband by Emperor Andronikos I.

7. AGNESE (-1202). Benvenuto di San Giorgio names "Agnete…moglie di Guido Guerra Conte di Romagna e di Casentino" as one of the daughters of "Guglielmo…e Giulia ovvero Giulita figliuola di Leopoldo Marchese d´Austria" but does not cite the corresponding primary source[143]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. "Domina Agnexia filia domini Guilielmi Montisferrati marchionis" renounced her rights in "castro…Podius Bonizosive Martura" in favour of "Rainerio fratri suo et filio suprascripti marchionis" by charter dated 6 May 1178[144]. She became a nun at Santa Maria di Rocca delle Donne after her divorce. m (before 1164, divorced late 1170s) as his first wife, Conte GUIDO [III] Guidi, son of --- (-1213).

8. ALASIA (-[after 24 Jun 1231]). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Alasia figlola di Gulielmo Marchese di Monferrato" as the first wife of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio", son of "Manfredo"[145]. "Marchioni Manfredo marchionis Salutii filius" donated property to "Adilasie mee uxor filie Wilielmi marchionis Montisferrati" by charter dated 1182[146]. "Manfredo figlio del Marchese di Saluzzo" donated property by charter dated Jun 1182 with the consent of "Adelaide sua Consorte figlia del Marchese Guglielmo di Monferrato"[147]. "Domina Alasia de Saluciis committissa uxor quondam domini Mainfredi filii quondam Bonifacii…marchionis" sold "villam Rivifrigidi" [Rifreddo] to "domine Agneti sue filie et filie dicti domini Mainfredi marchionis", with the advice and consent of "domini Guidonis de Plozasco", by charter dated 14 May 1219[148]. "Domine A Salutiarum comitisse" confirmed an exchange of property by Riffredo monastery by charter dated 24 Jun 1231[149]. m (before Jun 1182) [as his first wife,] MANFREDO II Marchese di Saluzzo, son of MANFREDO I Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Eleonora --- (1140-[20/27] Feb 1215).

9. daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 22 Aug 1202) Marchese ALBERTO Moro Malaspina, son of Marchese OBIZZO [I] Malaspina & his wife Maria Bianco di Vezzano (-1212).

BONIFAZIO 1192-1207

BONIFAZIO di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria [Babenberg] (1150-killed in battle 4 Sep 1207). The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[150]. Regent of Monferrato 1191. He succeeded his brother in 1192 as BONIFAZIO I Marchese di Monferrato. He assisted Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany in his conquest of Sicily in 1194[151]. A charter dated 13 Jun 1199 records an agreement between the communes of Alessandria, Asti and Vercelli and "dominum Bonifacium marchionem Montisferrati et Gulielmum filius eius"[152]. He joined the movement for a Fourth Crusade, and was elected leader on the death of Thibaut III Comte de Champagne[153], a decision which was ratified at Soissons in Aug 1201[154]. "Bonifatius marchio Montisferrati" granted the right to wood in "bosco Lucedii" to the church of Casale by charter dated 21 Jul 1202[155]. Under the terms of the partition of the Byzantine Empire agreed in March 1204 between Venice and the crusading armies, approximately ³/₈ of the territory of the former empire was to be distributed between the crusaders. Bonifazio, as leader of the crusade, expected to be installed as emperor of the newly formed Latin Empire of Constantinople. He married the widow of ex-Emperor Isaakios II in order to advance his claims, but he was outmanoeuvred by Enrico Dandolo Doge of Venice who secured the appointment of Baudouin IX Count of Flanders whom he considered a less powerful candidate[156]. Bonifazio was assigned a large fief in Anatolia, but demanded Thessaloniki which he claimed belonged as of right to his family since Emperor Manuel I had granted his brother Ranieri a large estate there. At a meeting with Venetian representatives at Adrianople 12 Aug 1204, he ceded the island of Crete (which he claimed had been given as a fief to his brother Ranieri by Emperor Manuel I) to Venice and bought Venice's rights to Thessaloniki[157]. Bonifazio captured Demotika and besieged Adrianople to press his claim. Peace was soon mediated, and Emperor Baudouin exchanged Demotika for Thessaloniki, where Bonifazio declared himself King of Thessaloniki. He extended his kingdom northwards to include Macedonia and southwards into Thessaly[158]. His fiefs were Othon de la Roche (for Attika and Boetia, later to form the duchy of Athens), Guillaume de Champlitte and, after his death, Geoffroy de Villehardouin (for the principality of Achaia or Morea in Peloponese). He was faced with continual threats from the north from the Bulgarians and, against this common threat, allied himself with Henri Latin Emperor of Constantinople, confirmed by the marriage of his daughter to the emperor[159]. He was killed by a small Bulgarian raiding party, his head being sent as a trophy to Kalojan Tsar of Bulgaria[160]. The Cronica of Sicardi Bishop of Cremona records the death in 1207 of "Bonifacius marchio Montis-ferrati" killed in battle[161].

m firstly (before 1171) ELENA di Bosco, daughter of ---. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, names "la figliola del Marchese del Bosco" as the first wife of "Bonifacio"[162]. The primary source which confirms her name and the name of her father has not yet been identified. 1179.

m secondly ([late 1186/early 1187]) [JEANNE de Châtillon, daughter of RENAUD de Châtillon-sur-Loing & his first wife Constance Pss of Antioch. According to Niketas Choniates, Bonifazio had remarried in late 1186-early 1187[163]. The Lignages d'Outremer name "Maria e Joanna" as the two daughters of "Rinaldo de Castellion" and his wife "Costanza…la Nova Princessa", stating that Jeanne married "el re de Salonichio" and died without heirs[164]. This is the only reference so far found to this daughter but, if it is correct, "el re de Salonichio" can only refer to Bonifazio di Monferrato. If the date of this marriage is correct as reported by Niketas, Jeanne would presumably have been considerably younger than her sister Agnes. Jeanne would have been the maternal aunt of Bonifazio's third wife.]

m thirdly (May 1204) as her second husband, MARGIT of Hungary, widow of Emperor ISAAKIOS II, daughter of BÉLA III King of Hungary & his first wife Agnès [Anna] de Châtillon-sur-Loing (1175-after 3 Mar 1229). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names (in order) "Haymericum et Andream…et duas reginas Constantiam de Boemia et Margaretam de Grecia" as children of "rex Bela de Hungaria" & his wife Agnes[165]. She brought Beograd, Braničevo and probably Niš as part of her dowry for her first marriage[166]. The special wedding tax levied by Emperor Isaakios II to finance their elaborate nuptial ceremonies may have contributed to attracting support for the rebellion in Bulgaria by the brothers Ivan Asen and Tedor[167]. She adopted the name MARIA in Byzantium. The Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam records the marriage of "Bonifacius marchio" and "Margaritam imperatricem condam Ysachii, sororem Aimerici regis Ungari"[168]. Georgius Akropolites records that "rex Thessalonicæ" married "Mariam Ungaram", widow of "imperatori Isaacio"[169]. Villehardouin records the marriage of "the Marquis Boniface de Montferrat" and "the lady who had been the Emperor Isaac's wife…the king of Hungary's sister"[170]. Her husband installed her as Regent of Thessaloniki while he was on campaign to conquer Thessaly[171]. She was also regent for her infant son after the death of her husband, but in the face of opposition from local nobles was replaced by Uberto di Biandrate. She was restored as regent by Henri Latin Emperor of Constantinople to whom Uberto refused to swear allegiance, after the latter was captured in Euboea by the Emperor in 1209[172]. She married thirdly Nicolas de Saint-Omer Lord of Thebes (-[1217/19]). Pope Gregory IX confirmed that "[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie" acquired "terram…ulterior Sirmia" by bull dated 3 Mar 1229[173].

Marchese Bonifazio & his first wife had [four] children:

1. [CORRADO (-before 13 Jun 1199). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, names "Conrado et Gulielmo" as the sons of "Bonifacio" and his first wife[174]. However, the early generations of the genealogy in this source are inaccurate, so the reliability of this information is uncertain If he did exist, and was the older son of Marchese Bonifazio, he must have died before 13 Jun 1199, the date of a charter of his father and brother Guglielmo (see above).]

2. GUGLIELMO (-Thessaly 17 Sep 1225). A charter dated 13 Jun 1199 records an agreement between the communes of Alessandria, Asti and Vercelli and "dominum Bonifacium marchionem Montisferrati et Gulielmum filius eius"[175]. He succeeded his father as GUGLIELMO VI Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

3. AGNESE di Monferrato (-1208). Villehardouin records the marriage of Emperor Henri and "the Marquis de Montferrat's…daughter" at Constantinople "in the church of Santa Sophia on the Sunday after Candlemas Day", naming her "the Empress Agnes"[176]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm her father's alliance against her future husband in the face of Bulgarian aggression in northern Greece[177]. m (Thessaloniki 4 Feb 1207) as his first wife, HENRI Emperor of Constantinople, son of BAUDOUIN VIII Count of Flanders [BAUDOUIN V Comte de Hainaut] & his wife Marguerite I Ctss of Flanders ([1176]-murdered 11 Jul 1216).

4. BEATRICE di Monferrato . The late 13th/14th century Vida of the poet Raimbaut de Vaqueiras describes Beatrice as sister of Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato married to "Enric del Caret"[178]. However, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras himself calls her "filha del marques" in the famous 'Carros', 'Truan, mala guerra', composed in [1200/01], which emphasises her youth[179]. The identity of her husband "Enric del Caret" has not been established, assuming that the marriages of Enrico [II] di Caretto are correct as shown below in this document. m [ENRICO di Caretto, son of ---].

Marchese Bonifazio & his third wife had one child:

5. DEMETRIO ([1205]-Melfi 1230). The Cronica of Sicardi Bishop of Cremona names "Wilielmus in Ytalia et Demetrius aput Tessalonicam" as sons and successors of "Bonifacius marchio Montis-ferrati"[180]. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, names "Demetrio" as the son of "Bonifacio" and his second wife[181]. He succeeded his father in 1207 as King of Thessaloniki, under the regency of his mother. The regency was taken by Uberto di Biandrate who refused to swear allegiance to Henri I Latin Emperor of Constantinople, who invaded Thessaloniki to assert his authority, captured Uberto and crowned Demetrio 6 Jan 1209[182]. Theodoros Komnenos Dukas Angelos Lord of Epirus attacked the kingdom of Thessaloniki, which had been weakened by the return of many of its knights to the west, and entered the city in Dec 1224, deposing King Demetrio[183]. He bequeathed his rights to Thessaloniki to Emperor Friedrich II King of Germany, although the latter renounced his rights in favour of Bonifazio II Marchese di Monferrato[184], and returned to Italy where he died[185]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica records that "rex Thessalonicensis" died "Melphie" in 1230[186].

GUGLIELMO VI 1207-1225

GUGLIELMO di Monferrato, son of BONIFAZIO Marchese di Monferrato & his first wife Elena di Bosco (-Thessaly 17 Sep 1225). A charter dated 13 Jun 1199 records an agreement between the communes of Alessandria, Asti and Vercelli and "dominum Bonifacium marchionem Montisferrati et Gulielmum filius eius"[187]. The Cronica of Sicardi Bishop of Cremona names "Wilielmus in Ytalia et Demetrius aput Tessalonicam" as sons and successors of "Bonifacius marchio Montis-ferrati"[188]. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, names "Conrado et Gulielmo" as the sons of "Bonifacio" and his first wife[189]. He succeeded his father as GUGLIELMO VI Marchese di Monferrato. "Domini Guillelmi marchionis Montisferrati" granted property to "filiorum condam domini Alberti Hencise marchionis…domini Guillelmi, Raimundi et Jacobi, et Henrici eorum nepotis" by charter dated 24 Jan 1204[190]. This charter shows that Guglielmo adopted the title Marchese before his father´s death, presumably due to his absence in Greece. He arrived in Greece in 1225 to help his half-brother reconquer the kingdom of Thessaloniki, but before reaching the city he died from fever[191] although it was said that he had been poisoned[192]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica records the death in Sep 1225 of "marchio Montisferrati in Romania naturali morte"[193].

m firstly (1187) SOPHIE von Staufen, daughter of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" & his second wife Béatrix de Bourgogne-Comté (-[1187/88]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

m secondly (before 9 Aug 1202) BERTA di Clavesana heiress of Mambarasco e Cortemiglia, daughter of BONIFAZIO Marchese di Clavesana & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 9 Aug 1202 which records that Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato promised "Guilelmo filio suo" to ratify the peace agreement with Alexandria and Asti and with "socero suo domino Bonefacio de Cravexana…"[194]. 1224.

Marchese Guglielmo VI & his second wife had [six] children:

1. BONIFAZIO (-[22 Sep 1253/10 Dec 1255]). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 30 Dec 1230 under which "Dominus Bonefacius marchio de Monte ferrato filius condam domini Villelmi marchionis" granted exemptions to Staffarda[195]. He succeeded his father in 1225 as BONIFAZIO II Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

2. ODDONE (-1251). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Cardinal deacon 1237. Pontifical legate to Denmark and London [1237]. Bishop of Porto.

3. DEMETRIO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1224.

4. BEATRICE di Monferrato ([1204/10][196]-after Mar 1276). The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Andreas Delphinus" and "Beatricem, Guillermi marchionis Montisferrati filiam" after repudiating his first wife[197]. The testament of "Dom. Andreas Dalphinus Viennensis et Albonis comitis" is dated 4 Mar 1236, names as his heir "Guigonem filium suum", and appoints "Beatricem uxorem suam comitissam matris eiusdem Guigonis" as his tutor[198]. Many secondary sources state that Beatrice married, as her second husband, Guy [II] Seigneur de Bâgé (see the document BURGUNDY DUCHY NOBILITY). Guichenon, in his Histoire de Savoie, explains the background to this error, recording that "Pingon, du Buttet, du Chesne et les sainte Marthe…moi après eux" confused the name "Dauphine", under which Guy´s widow is recorded with the title "Dauphine [de Viennois]"[199], the widow of André Comte d´Albon being the only available person with that title. m (21 Nov 1219) as his third wife, ANDRE de Bourgogne Comte de Gap et d'Embrun, son of HUGUES III Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his second wife Béatrix de Viennois (1184-14 Mar 1237, bur Grenoble, église collégiale de Saint-André). He succeeded his mother in 1228 as Comte d'Albon, Dauphin.

5. ALASIA (-Kirenia castle 1233 before Apr, bur Nicosia Santa Sofia). She is named "Aalais" by William of Tyre (Continuator), who names her husband and specifies that she was "fille dou marquis de Monferrare"[200]. The Chronicle of Amadi records the marriage of "re de Cypro Henrico" and "una donzella sua cugina, figlia del marchese de Monferatho Guielmo Longa Spada, che fo cugin del imperator"[201], although it is chronologically impossible for her to have been the daughter of the only member of the Monferrato family who is normally referred to as "Longo Spada". This marriage was arranged by Emperor Friedrich II while he was in Cyprus in May 1229 en route back to Europe from Jerusalem, the bride's father being one of the emperor's strongest supporters in Italy[202]. She came to Cyprus with imperial troops in 1231 but it is unlikely that she ever met her husband who was in Palestine for most of the civil war in Cyprus. She took refuge in the castle of Kirenia with the Lombards but died before the castle's surrender to the Ibelin troops in Apr 1233[203]. William of Tyre (Continuator) records that she had been crowned queen by her husband when he records the coronation of his second wife "come il avoit fait Alays la fille dou marquis de Monferrare"[204]. m (May 1229) as his first wife, HENRI I King of Cyprus, son of HUGUES I King of Cyprus & his wife Alix of Jerusalem Ctss of Jaffa (3 Mar 1217-18 Jan 1253).

6. [ELENA . Niece and heiress of Demetrio King of Thessaloniki. Baudouin II Emperor of Constantinople confirmed her rights over Thessaloniki 5 Feb 1240, confirmed in 1244 by the Pope. m (before 1240) as his first wife, GUGLIELMO da Verona Lord of Eubœa, son of GIBERTO da Verona Lord of Eubœa & his wife --- (-killed in battle Demetrias [1268]).]

Marchese Guglielmo VI had [two] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

7. [BASTARDINO (-after 23 Sep 1253). "Dominus Paonus filius quondam domini Belengerii de Busca marchionis" sold property "in villa et territorio…Rodulfie" [Ruffio] to "domino Bastardino de Munteferrato", in the name of Bonifazio Marchese di Montferrato as tutor for Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo, by charter dated 8 Jan 1253[205]. The charter does not specify the parentage of Bastardino but it is reasonable to suppose, from a chronological point of view, that he was an illegitimate brother of Marchese Bonifazio. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, appoints "dominam Margaritam comitissam uxorem mea matrem ipsius Guilelmini et dominum comitem de Sabaldia et dominum Tomam de Sabaldia fratrem suum et Dalfinum de Vianesio et dominum Jacobum de Careto et dominum Georgium et dominum Manuellem de Ceva et Bastardinum de Monteferrato" as guardians of his son[206]. "Dominus Bastardinus de Monteferrato castellanus Reuellj" [Revello], acting for Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo, invested "Jordano domine Elie de Reuello" with land at Revello, in the presence of Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato, by charter dated 22/23 Sep 1253[207].]

8. RANIERI . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He was ancestor of the Signori di Gabiano, extinct 17th century.

1. [GIOVANNA di Monferrato, daughter of GUGLIELMO Marchese di Monferrato & his wife --- . She adopted the name ZOE in Byzantium. This person has not been traced in the family of the Marchesi di Monferrato. For consistency with the known dates of other members of the Batatzes family, this couple's marriage must have taken place around [1200]. If her parentage is correctly identified (and the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified), she could only therefore have been the daughter of Guglielmo VI Marchese di Monferrato, presumably illegitimate as he had no known children from his brief first marriage. However, it appears unlikely that a member of the Monferrato family, which was closely connected with the Fourth Crusade, would have married a member of the Byzantine nobility by whom they were bitterly opposed. m ALEXIOS Komnenos Batatzes, protosébastos, son of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos Batatzes & his wife ---. He is named by Varzos as a possible son of Andronikos, copied by Magdalino[208].]

BONIFAZIO II 1225-[1253/55], GUGLIELMO VII [1253/55]-1290, GIOVANNI I 1290-1305

BONIFAZIO di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO VI Marchese di Monferrato & his second wife Berta di Clavesana (-[22 Sep 1253/10 Dec 1255]). He succeeded his father in 1225 as BONIFAZIO II Marchese di Monferrato. "Dominus Bonefacius marchio de Monte ferrato filius condam domini Villelmi marchionis" granted exemptions to Staffarda by charter dated 30 Dec 1230[209]. Emperor Friedrich II renounced his rights to Thessaloniki, bequeathed to him by Demetrio di Monferrato King of Thessaloniki, in favour of Marchese Bonifazio in [1239/40][210]. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, bequeathes property to "Alaxinam filiam meam inpuberem", appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless, and appoints "dominam Margaritam comitissam uxorem mea matrem ipsius Guilelmini et dominum comitem de Sabaldia et dominum Tomam de Sabaldia fratrem suum et Dalfinum de Vianesio et dominum Jacobum de Careto et dominum Georgium et dominum Manuellem de Ceva et Bastardinum de Monteferrato" as guardians of his son[211]. "Dominus Bastardinus de Monteferrato castellanus Reuellj" [Revello], acting for Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo, invested "Jordano domine Elie de Reuello" with land at Revello, in the presence of Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato, by charter dated 22/23 Sep 1253[212].

m (Betrothed 18 Jan 1228, before 18 Nov 1235) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie & his first wife Marguerite de Bourgogne [Capet] ([1224/28]-after 14 Jan 1264). "Thomas comes Maurianæ" donated property to "Bonifacio Marchioni Montisferrati" by way of dowry of "Margarethæ futuræ uxoris Bonifacii et filiæ Amedei Sabaudia primogeniti Thomæ comitis" by charter dated 18 Jan 1228[213]. The date of her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 18 Nov 1235, which confirmed a pact between her father and the bishop of Torino, approved by "domina Margarita eius filia…uxor dom. Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati"[214]. "Bonifacius marchio Montisferrati" donated property to "uxori suæ Margarethæ, Amadei comitis Sab. filiæ" by charter dated 9 Dec 1235[215]. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[216]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[217]. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, bequeathes property to "Alaxinam filiam meam inpuberem", appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless, and appoints "dominam Margaritam comitissam uxorem mea matrem ipsius Guilelmini et dominum comitem de Sabaldia et dominum Tomam de Sabaldia fratrem suum et Dalfinum de Vianesio et dominum Jacobum de Careto et dominum Georgium et dominum Manuellem de Ceva et Bastardinum de Monteferrato" as guardians of his son[218]. She married secondly (Papal dispensation 26 Jan 1255) as his second wife, Aymar [III] Comte de Valentinois. Her second marriage is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[219], although this is inconsistent with her dying in 1254 as shown in another table[220]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. The marriage is not given by Jules Chevalier[221]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Margarithæ matri marchionis Montisferrati nepti suæ…"[222].

Marchese Bonifazio II & his wife had three children:

1. ALESSINA (-6 Feb 1285). The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, bequeathes property to "Alaxinam filiam meam inpuberem", appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless[223]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage in 1267 of "dux de Bruneswiche" and "filiam Marchisi de Monteferato, cognatam regine" at Kenilworth[224]. The Cronica Principum Saxonie names "filiam marchionis Montis-Ferrati Aleidem" as second wife of "Albertus"[225]. The Cronica Principum Saxonie names "relictam Alberti ducis de Brunsvic Aleidem filiam marchionis Montis-Ferrati" as the second wife of "Gerardus"[226]. The Libro Memoriarum Sancti Blasii records the death in Feb 1285 of "Allexina ducissa in Brunswich et cometissa Holsacie, soror comitis Montisferranum"[227]. m firstly (Kenilworth 1 Nov 1266) as his second wife, ALBRECHT I "der Große" Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg, son of OTTO I “dem Kind” Herzog von Braunschweig & his wife Mathilde von Brandenburg [Askanier] (1236-Braunschweig 15 Aug 1279, bur Braunschweig Cathedral). m secondly (1282) as his second wife, GERHARD I Graf von Holstein-Schauenburg zu Itzehoe, son of ADOLF IV Graf von Holstein und Stormarn & his wife Hedwig zur Lippe (1232-21 Dec 1290).

2. GUGLIELMO (-in prison Alessandria 8 Feb 1292). Matthew of Paris recounts that, after the death of Emperor Friedrich I in 1250, there was an attempt to exchange "filius Marchisii Montis Ferrati" (unnamed) for Enzio, the son of Friedrich[228]. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, bequeathes property to "Alaxinam filiam meam inpuberem", appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless[229]. He succeeded his father as GUGLIELMO VII Marchese di Monferrato. He was appointed Vicar-General in northern Italy by his father-in-law as candidate for the kingdom of Italy, and led the movement to oust Charles Comte d'Anjou from the kingdom of Sicily. He succeeded in depriving the latter of his possessions in Lombardy and captured and castrated his ambassadors. He became head of the Ghibelin League formed by the Marchese di Saluzzo and contingents from Castile in the towns of Pavia, Asti, Mantua, Verona, Genoa, Milan, Alessandria and Ivrea. He was named "Capitano di Guerra" and defeated the Guelf supporters of King Charles and the Pope in 1275[230]. Captain of Milan 1278. Captain of Pavia, Novara and Vercelli. Captain of Como 1282. He was imprisoned by supporters of the town of Asti, deposed in 1290 and kept in an iron cage, dying after two years of captivity[231]. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Gulielmo" died "costui in Alessandria" in 1292[232]. m firstly ELENA del Bosco, daughter of ANSELMO Marchese del Bosco & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly (Lyon Jun 1258) ISABEL de Clare, daughter of RICHARD de Clare Earl of Hertford and Gloucester & his second wife Maud de Lacy (1240-before 1271). The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Isabella primogenita, Margareta et Roysea” as the three daughters of “Ricardus de Clare secundus filius et hæres…Gilberti et Isabellæ” and his wife “Matildem…filiam comitis Lincolniæ”[233]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage in Jun 1258 “apud Leouns” of “Isabel filia Ricardi de Clare primogenita” and “domino Marchio de Ponte Ferato”, recording that “Willelmus de Bekeford monachus Theokesberiæ” went with her[234]. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Marchio Guliermus" married "filiam regis Angliæ" and that he killed her "et dicitur sine caussa ex sola et levi suspicione"[235]. m thirdly (Murcia Aug 1271) Infanta doña BEATRIZ de Castilla, daughter of don ALFONSO X "el Sabio" King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Violante de Aragón ([5 Nov/6 Dec] 1254-[1286]). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Marchio Guliermus" married secondly "Beatricem filiam regis Anfoxi de Hispania"[236]. Her origin is indicated by Pachymeres who records the second marriage of Emperor Andronikos II and "Irenen, e dynastis…quos marcesios sive marchioness appellant…neptem regis Hispaniæ"[237]. Her parentage is also indicated by Georgius Phrantzes who records that "Irene, e Lombardia oriunda atque filia sororis regis Hispaniæ et nepti marchionis Montisferratensis…qui Thessalonicam…et Thessalorum rex fuit" was the second wife of "imperator Andronicus"[238]. The Chronicon Astense records that in 1286 "Guilielmus Marchio Montisferrati" went "in Hispania cum uxore sua Beatrice" who died there[239]. Marchese Guglielmo VII & his second wife had one child:

a) MARGHERITA (-1286). The Chronicon Astense records that "Guilielmus Marchio Montisferrati…Margaritam filiam eius…annorum VII" married "filio Pelavicini" after whose death she married "filio Alfonsi Regis Hispaniæ"[240]. The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Marchio Guliermus" and his wife "filiam regis Angliæ" had a daughter "Margaritam" who married in Spain, a later passage naming her husband "Zoanne figlolo di Alphonso Re di Spagna"[241]. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "El Infante D. Juan" married "D. Margarita hija del Marques de Monferrato"[242]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the testament of "Johannes…marchio Montisferrati", dated 18 Jan 1305, which appoints as his heirs "filios Alaxine sororis sue condam et uxoris Puncelli de filiis Ursi", and failing them "filium Margarite sororis sue condam uxoris Johannis infantis de Yspania de Castella"[243]. m firstly --- Pallavicini, son of OBERTO Marchese Pallavicini & his wife ---. m secondly (1281) as his first wife, Infante don JUAN de Castilla Señor de Campo, son of don ALFONSO X "el Sabio" King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Violante de Aragón (Seville [15 May/25 Jul] 1260-Vega de Granada 25 Jun 1319, bur Burgos).

Marchese Guglielmo VII & his third wife had five children:

b) son (Milan 1272-[1272/73). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Marchio Guliermus" entered Milan in 1272 and that "comitissa marchiones" gave birth there to "duos masculos qui moriuntur in brevi"[244].

c) son (Milan 1272-[1272/73). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that "Marchio Guliermus" entered Milan in 1272 and that "comitissa marchiones" gave birth there to "duos masculos qui moriuntur in brevi"[245].

d) YOLANDA di Monferrato ([1273/74]-Drama, near Thessaloniki[246] 1317, bur Constantinople Pantokrator convent). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that the two daughters of "Marchio Guliermus" and his wife "Beatricem filiam regis Anfoxi de Hispania" married "aliam…Violant…Andronico imperatori Græcorum"[247]. The Alberti Milioli Notarii Regini Liber de Temporibus records the marriage in 1284 of "Gulielmus marchio Montis-ferrati…filiam suam" and "filio Palialogi defuncti qui in Constantinopolitane urbe habet dominium", specifying that her dowry was "regnum Thesalonice"[248]. Her marriage was arranged by her maternal grandfather, Alfonso X "el Sabio" King of Castile[249]. She adopted the name EIRENE in Byzantium. Georgius Phrantzes records that "Irene, e Lombardia oriunda atque filia sororis regis Hispaniæ et nepti marchionis Montisferratensis…qui Thessalonicam…et Thessalorum rex fuit" was the second wife of "imperator Andronicus"[250]. Pachymeres records the second marriage of Emperor Andronikos II and "Irenen, e dynastis…quos marcesios sive marchioness appellant…neptem regis Hispaniæ"[251]. Her dowry consisted of the Monferrato family's titular right to Thessaloniki[252], which had been titular only since Demetrio di Monferrato King of Thessaloniki had been deposed in 1224 by Theodoros Angelos Lord of Epirus who subsequently declared himself emperor of Thessaloniki. She was crowned Empress after the birth of her first son in 1286[253]. She is portrayed as arrogant and ambitious by the contemporary historian Nikephoros Gregoras, and proposed a division of the territory of the Empire to give her sons hereditary appanages[254]. She left her husband in 1303 and took up residence in Thessaloniki, where she conducted herself as Empress in her own right, controlled her own finances and foreign policy, and witnessed documents as Augusta or Despoina[255]. She inherited Monferrato after the death of her brother in 1305 and, after attempting to install her oldest son Ioannes as Marchese di Monferrato, arranged for her second son to succeed in 1306[256]. She mounted a campaign of open vilification of her husband, and encouraged close relations with her son-in-law Milutin King of Serbia whom she persuaded to name her son Demetrios as his successor although the latter declined the opportunity[257]. m ([1284], separated 1303) as his second wife, Emperor ANDRONIKOS II, son of Emperor MIKHAEL VIII & his wife Theodora Dukaina Komnene Palaiologina Batatzaina (25 Mar 1259-12/13 Feb 1332).

e) GIOVANNI (Milan 1278-[9] Mar 1305). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 14 Dec 1306 under which "dominus Theodorus…domini Grecorum filius…marchio Montisferati" confirmed the rights of Santa Maria di Vezzolano granted by "quondam dominos Johannem et Guillermum bone memorie marchioness Montisferati avunculum et avum dicti domini marchionis"[258]. He succeeded in 1290 as GIOVANNI I Marchese di Monferrato, under the guardianship of Charles II King of Sicily. However, Matteo Visconti Lord of Milan occupied Monferrato, imposed himself by force as Captain-General in the Marquisate and as guardian of Marchese Giovanni. Marchese Giovanni succeeded in wresting control from the occupiers in 1303[259]. The testament of "Johannes…marchio Montisferrati", dated 18 Jan 1305, appoints as his heirs (in case he had no issue by "Margarita de Sabaudia uxore ipsius") "filios Alaxine sororis sue condam et uxoris Puncelli de filiis Ursi", and failing them "filium Margarite sororis sue condam uxoris Johannis infantis de Yspania de Castella", and failing him "Maynfredum marchionum Saluciarum"[260]. The Chronicon Astense records the death in 1305 of "Johannes Marchio Montisferrati…sine filiis"[261]. [262]Betrothed ([1290]) to BLANCHE of Sicily, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary ([1280]-Barcelona 14 Oct 1310, bur Santa Croce), who later married Jaime II King of Aragon. [263]Betrothed (1295) to MARIE de Clermont, daughter of ROBERT de France Comte de Clermont Sire de Bourbon & his wife Béatrix dame de Bourbon ([1284/85]-Paris 17 Mar 1372, bur Poissy). m (23 Mar 1296) MARGUERITE de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE V Comte de Savoie & his first wife Sibylle de Baugé (-1339). "Margarita di Savoia" made a donation to "Conte Amedeo suo Padre" of a sum on money bequeathed to her under the last testament of "Dama Sibilla sua Madre" dated 6 Jan 1296[264], presumably as part of the arrangements for her forthcoming marriage. The contract of marriage between "Gioanni Marchese di Monferrato" and "Margarita di Savoia figlia del Conte Amedeo V di Savoia" is dated 23 Mar 1296[265]. The Chronicon Astense records the marriage in 1296 of "Johannes…Marchio Montisferrati" and "Amadeum Sabaudiæ comitem…Margaritam eius filiam" who had previously been betrothed to "Johanni filio Humberti Delfini"[266]. A contract dated 14 Mar 1305 between "Marchese Manfredo di Saluzzo" as Governor of the Marquisate of Monferrato and "Margarita di Savoia figlia del Conte Amedeo Vedova del suddetto Marchese" confirmed her possession of the castles of Lanzo, Ciriè and Caselle as part of her dowry[267].

f) ALESSINA (-before 18 Jan 1305). The Chronica Jacobi de Aquis, dated to 1334, records that the two daughters of "Marchio Guliermus" and his wife "Beatricem filiam regis Anfoxi de Hispania" married "una…in Roma D. Ponzello filio D. Ursi de Ursinis…nepoti Papæ" and that they had "filius…Petrus"[268]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the testament of "Johannes…marchio Montisferrati", dated 18 Jan 1305, which appoints as his heirs "filios Alaxine sororis sue condam et uxoris Puncelli de filiis Ursi", and failing them "filium Margarite sororis sue condam uxoris Johannis infantis de Yspania de Castella"[269]. m (before 1305) PONCELLO Orsini Patrician of Rome, son of ORSINO Orsini & his wife --- (-after 1314).

Marchese Guglielmo VII had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

g) BONIFAZIO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1296/1311.

h) MATTEO . "…Nicholao bastardo, Matheo bastardo de Monteferato…" are named as present in a charter dated 14 Dec 1306 under which "dominus Theodorus…domini Grecorum filius…marchio Montisferati" confirmed the rights of Santa Maria di Vezzolano[270].

3. TEODORA ([after Jun 1253]-). Teodora is not named in her father´s testament dated 12 Jun 1253, which suggests that she may have been born posthumously. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m GERARDO della Gherardesca Conte di Donoratico (-1268).

Marchese Bonifazio II had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

4. NICCOLINO (-after 1305). The Cronica Alexandrina records that "Dominus Nicolinus Bastardus Montisferrati" was "potestas Alexandriæ" in 1280[271]. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified, although the chronology indicates that Marchese Bonifazio II would be the only possible father. Podestà of Alessandria 1280. Vicar of Caselle 1303. 1270/1305.

Chapter 2. MARCHESI di MONFERRATO (PALEOLOGO)

TEODORO I 1306-1338, GIOVANNI II 1338-1372, SECONDOTTO 1372-1378, GIOVANNI III 1378-1381, TEODORO II 1381-1418

THEODOROS Komnenos Dukas Angelos Palaiologos, son of Emperor ANDRONIKOS II & his second wife Yolanda [Eirene] di Monferrato ([1291]-21 Apr 1338). Georgius Phrantzes names "Iohannem, Theodorum, Demetrium et filiam Simonidem" as the children of "imperator Andronicus" by his second wife[272]. His mother arranged his succession to his maternal uncle in 1306 as TEODORO Marchese di Monferrato, after unsuccessfully proposing the accession of her older son Ioannes[273]. He arrived in Italy to claim the inheritance and converted to Catholicism. "Dominus Theodorus…domini Grecorum filius…marchio Montisferati" confirmed the rights of Santa Maria di Vezzolano granted by "quondam dominos Johannem et Guillermum bone memorie marchioness Montisferati avunculum et avum dicti domini marchionis" by charter dated 14 Dec 1306, in the presence of "…Nicholao bastardo, Matheo bastardo de Monteferato…"[274]. He submitted to the suzerainty of the Empire in 1311[275].

m (1306) ARGENTINA Spinola, daughter of OBIZZO Spinola di Lucoli Doge of Genoa & his wife Violante di Saluzzo. The Chronicon Astense records the marriage in 1306 of "Theodorus filius Imperatoris Græcorum" and "filiam Opecini Spinolæ dicti de Luculis tunc Capitanei Januæ…Argentinam"[276]. Pachymeres records the marriage of "quidam Spinulus…filia" and "filium imperatoris Theodorum", dated to [1306] from the context[277]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio, quoting Ruffino Ventura Astense, records the marriage of "Theodorus filius Imperatoris Græcorum" and "filiam Oppicini Spinulæ tunc Capitanei Januæ…Argentinam"[278].

Marchese Teodoro & his wife had two children:

1. GIOVANNI (-20 Mar 1372). He succeeded his father in 1338 as GIOVANNI II Marchese di Monferrato. Signor di Asti 1339. He defeated the troops of Jeanne I Queen of Naples at Gamenario 23 Apr 1345, but was prevented from occupying the Angevin county of Piemonte by Jacques de Savoie Prince of Achaia. Marchese Giovanni, however, captured Ivrea in 1347 when the Visconti of Milan captured Angevin Piemonte[279]. His second marriage was arranged by his future wife's stepmother, who lived at Casale at the court of Monferrato with her second husband Otto Herzog von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes the testament of "Joannes Marchio Montisferrati imperialis vicarius filius quondam…Theodori…imperatoris Græcorum porphyrogeniti marchionis Montisferrato", dated 9 Mar 1372, which appoints "consanguineum suum D. Ottonem Ducem Brunsvicensem" as executor[280]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo" died 18 Mar 1372[281]. m firstly ([1331/37]) as her second husband, CECILE de Comminges, widow of AMANIEU Comte d'Astarac, daughter of BERNARD VII Comte de Comminges & his wife Laure de Montfort (-after 23 Jun 1354). The Chronicon of Pietro Azario records that "Johannes Marchio Montis-ferrati" married firstly "sororem Domini Cardinalis de Conunzi…adhuc puellam"[282]. m secondly (Montpellier 1358) as her first husband, Infanta doña ISABEL de Mallorca, daughter of don JAIME III King of Mallorca [Aragón] & his first wife Infanta doña Constanza de Aragón (1337-Château de Gallargues after 1403). The Chronicon of Pietro Azario records that "Johannes Marchio Montis-ferrati" married secondly "nepta…Regis Aragonum, filiæ…Regis Majoricarum"[283]. Her marriage was arranged by her stepmother, doña Violanta de Vilaragut, wife of Otto Herzog von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, who was then living at the court of Monferrato. Isabel succeeded her brother in 1375 as titular Queen of Mallorca. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II, naming "D. Elisabeth filia quondam D. Jacobis Regis Majoricarum uxor ipsius D. Marchionis"[284]. She married secondly (secretly [1375/76]) Konrad von Reischach zu Jungnau (-[1417/before 16 Jan 1418]). Marchese Giovanni II & his second wife had five children:

a) SECONDOTTO (1361-murdered Langhirano, near Parma 16 Dec 1378). Signor di Asti 1361. He succeeded his father in 1372 as SECONDOTTO Marchese di Monferrato, under the regency of Otto Herzog von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen who was his godfather. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II[285]. Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the death "in episcopatu Parmæ" one year after his marriage of "Marchioni Secundino Montis-ferrati", adding that "qui Marchio non erat bene sensatus", that he had killed several of his people and wounded many others including his wife, that he was severely wounded by members of his household who were defending themselves against his attacks, and that he died fifteen days later from his wounds[286]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Siondotto primo figlolo di Zoanne" died 16 Dec 1378[287]. m (contract 15 Jun 1377, Pavia 2 Aug 1377) as her second husband, VIOLANTE Visconti, widow of LIONEL Duke of Clarence, daughter of GALEAZZO II Duke of Milan (1354-Pavia Nov 1386, bur Pavia San Agostino). Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the marriage in 1368 of "Galeaz vicecomes unicam filiam suam…Violantem juvenem" and "Domino Lionello Duci Clarenciæ filio Regis Angliæ", adding that her dowry was "civitatem Albæ et plura Castra Pedemontium…Montem-Vicum, Cunium, Carascum et Demontem et plura alia, cum etiam maximo thesauro" {Alba, Mondovi, Cuneo, Cherasco and Demonte} and that the marriage was consummated at Milan[288]. Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the marriage in Aug 1377 of "Dominus Galeaz Vicecomes…Dominam Violantem eius filiam, uxorem quondam Domini Leonelli filii Regis Angliæ" and "Marchioni Secundino Montis-ferrati"[289]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes the marriage contract dated 15 Jun 1377 between "Jo. Galeaz vicecomes Mediolani comes Virtutum…filius…Galeaz vicecomitis Mediolani…imperialis vicarii generalis…D. Violantam ipsius D. comitis sororem genitam ex prædicto…D. Galeaz" and "D. Secundottonis Marchionis Montis-ferrati"[290]. She married thirdly (18 Apr 1381, Nov 1381) her first cousin, Lodovico Visconti Signore di Lodi. Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the marriage in Nov 1381 of "Dominus Comes Virtutem…Dominam Violantem sororem suam" and "Domino Ludovico filio…Domini Bernabovis"[291]. Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the death "in civitate Papiæ" in Nov 1386 of "Domina Violans soror…domini comitis Virtutem et uxor Domini Ludovici filii quondam Domini Bernabovis Vicecomitis" and her burial "in ecclesia S. Augustini in cittadella Papiæ prope sepulturam Domini Galeaz patris sui"[292].

b) GIOVANNI (-killed in battle Naples 25 Aug 1381). Signor di Asti 1372. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II[293]. He succeeded his brother in 1378 as GIOVANNI III Marchese di Monferrato. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 3 Jan 1379, under which "D. Joannes Marchio Montisferrati" confirmed that "genitor eius D. Joannes Marchio Montisferrati quondam" had appointed "Princeps d. Otto Brunsvicensis Dux et avunculus dicti D. Marchionis" as "gubernator, administrator et rector"[294]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Zoanne" who succeeded "al fratello Siondotto" died 25 Aug 1381[295].

c) TEODORO (1364-18 Aug 1418). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", was born in 1364[296]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II[297]. Signor di Asti e Mondovì 1378, minor until 1381. He succeeded his brother in 1381 as TEODORO II Marchese di Monferrato. He was chosen as Captain General of Genoa in 1409, heading a government of compromise consisting of representatives from the various rival factions in the city. He was, however, expelled in 1413 and replaced by Francesco Maria Visconti Lord of Milan[298]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", died in 1418[299]. m firstly ARGENTINA Malaspina, daughter of LEONARDO Malaspina Marchese di Massa & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly (1393) JEANNE de Bar, daughter of ROBERT I Duc de Bar & his wife Marie de France (-15 Jan 1402). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that the first wife of "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", was "Zoanna figlola di Roberto Ducha de Barri"[300]. m thirdly (17 Jan 1403) MARGUERITE de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE de Savoie Signore di Piemonte, titular Prince of Achaia & his wife Catherine de Genève ([1382/89]-23 Nov 1464). Nun at Alba 1420. She was beatified in 1670. Marchese Teodoro II & his second wife had two children:

i) GIANGIACOMO (23 Mar 1395-12 Mar or [13 Sep] 1445). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zan Jacobo & Sophia" as the children of "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", and his first wife, adding that Giangiacomo was born 28 May 1395[301]. He succeeded his father in 1418 as GIANGIACOMO Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

ii) SOFIA (-21 Aug 1434). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zan Jacobo & Sophia" as the children of "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", and his first wife, adding that Sofia married "Zoanne Imperatore di Constantinopoli"[302]. The Historia Byzantina of Michælis Ducæ Nepotis records the marriage of "Iohanni liberoram primogenitor" and "marchionem Montisferrati…filiam" and, in a later passage, his repudiation of his wife[303]. Georgios Phrantzes records the marriage 19 Jan in Santa Sofia of Emperor Iohannes and "domina Sophia filia marchionis Montisferrati"[304]. Papal permission for the marriages of the brothers Ioannes and Theodoros with catholic westerners was given as a gesture to improve relations with the Orthodox church after Emperor Manuel II sent ambassadors to the church council at Konstanz[305]. Reputedly extremely unattractive, her husband "was so disgusted with her that he kept her out of his sight in a remote corner of the palace"[306] and eventually repudiated her. Betrothed (26 Jan 1404) to FILIPPO MARIA Visconti Conte di Pavia, son of GIAN GALEAZZO "il Grande" Duke of Milan & his second wife Caterina Visconti (Milan 23 Sep 1392-Milan 13 Aug 1447). He succeeded in 1412 as Duke of Milan. m (19 Jan 1421, repudiated Aug 1426) as his second wife, IOANNES Palaiologos co-Emperor, son of Emperor MANUEL II & his wife Jelena [Helene] Dragaš [Serbia] (Dec 1392-31 Oct 1448). He succeeded his father in 1425 as Emperor IOANNES VIII.

d) GUGLIELMO (-Jun 1400). Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II[307].

e) MARGHERITA (-1420). Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II and provided for the marriage of "D. Margarita eius filia", with the advice of "D. Elisabet consortis suæ…filia quondam D. Jacobis Regis Majoricarum"[308]. Signora di Acqui. m (after 27 Jan 1376) as his second wife, don PEDRO de Aragón Conde de Urgel, son of Infante don JAIME de Aragón Conde de Urgel & his wife Cécile de Comminges ([1340]-Balaguer, Lérida Jun 1408).

Marchese Giovanni II had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

f) GIOVANNI . Podestà di Casale 1367. Signor di Occimiani 1375. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 3 Jan 1379, in the presence of "D. Joanne bastardo de Monteferrato…", under which "D. Joannes Marchio Montisferrati" confirmed that "genitor eius D. Joannes Marchio Montisferrati quondam" had appointed "Princeps d. Otto Brunsvicensis Dux et avunculus dicti D. Marchionis" as "gubernator, administrator et rector"[309]. Podestà di Acqui 1385.

2. VIOLANTA di Monferrato (Moncalvo Jun 1318-24 Dec 1342, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The contract of marriage between "Conte Aymone di Savoia" and "la Principessa Violant figlia del Marchese Teodoro di Monferrato" is dated 1 May 1330[310]. Her marriage was arranged to seal the newly found peace between her family and the counts of Savoy, and on the basis that the latter would succeed to Monferrato in case of extinction in the male line of the Paleologo family[311]. An Order of "Comte Amé de Savoie" dated 7 Dec 1346 which confirms a legacy granted by "la Dame Violante de Montferrat Comtesse de Savoie sa mère" to "Guigone fille de Jean Pairolier d'Hinne"[312]. She died in childbirth. m (Casale 1 May 1330) AYMON "le Pacifique" Comte de Savoie, son of AMEDEE V Comte de Savoie & his first wife Sibylle de Baugé (Bourg-en-Bresse 15 Dec 1291-Château de Montmélian 22 Jun 1343, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe).

GIANGIACOMO 1418-1431/1431-1445, GIOVANNI IV 1445-1464

GIANGIACOMO di Monferrato, son of TEODORO II Marchese di Monferrato & his second wife Jeanne de Bar (23 Mar 1395-12 Mar or [13 Sep] 1445). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zan Jacobo & Sophia" as the children of "Theodoro", son of "Zoanne figlolo del…Theodoro Paleologo", and his first wife, adding that Giangiacomo was born 28 May 1395[313]. His parentage is confirmed by the contract of marriage between "Gioanna di Savoia figlia del Conte di Savoia Amedeo VII e Sorella di Amedeo VIII primo Duca di Savoia" and "Gio. Giacomo figlio del Marchese Teodoro di Monferrator" dated 24 Mar 1407[314]. Conte di Aquesana 1414/18. Sigismund King of Germany created "comitatum Aquesanæ" for "domino Jacobo nato…Theodori marchionnis Montisferrati principis et consanguinei nostri" by charter dated 26 Mar 1414[315]. He succeeded his father in 1418 as GIANGIACOMO Marchese di Monferrato, until 1431, again 1431-1445. Imperial Vicar General in Italy. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro" died 12 Mar 1445[316].

m (by proxy 22 Mar 1407, contract 24 Mar 1407[317], 24 Apr 1411) JEANNE de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE VII Comte de Savoie & his wife Bonne de Berry (posthumously 16 Jul 1392-1460). The contract of marriage between "Joannem-Jacobum filium…Theodori Marchionis Montisferrati" and "Joannam filiam recolendæ memoriæ…Amedei Sabaudiæ comitis, sororemque…Amedei Sabaudiæ comitis moderni" is dated 24 Mar 1407[318]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 24 Apr 1411 which records the marriage of "Theodori marchionis Montisferrati…Jo. Jacobum filium" and "Amedei comitis Sabaudiæ…Joannam sororem"[319]. The testament of "Dominæ Bonnæ de Sabaudia Principessæ Achayæ" dated 19 Oct 1429 makes bequests to "dominæ Joannæ de Sabaudia marchionissæ Montisferrati, eiusdem dominæ testracisis sorori…dominæ Bonæ de Biturio eius matri…dominum Amedeum Sabaudiæ ducem eius fratrem"[320].

Marchese Giangiacomo & his wife had six children:

1. ISABELLA . A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Isabella & Amadea" as the two daughters of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", adding in a later passage that "Ludovico", son of "Thomas…Marchese di Salucio", married "Isabella figlola dil Marchese Zan Jacobo di Monferrato"[321]. The contract of marriage between "Marchese Luiggi di Saluzzo" and "Isabella di Monferrato sorella del Marchese Gio" is dated 7 Aug 1435[322]. m (1436) LODOVICO I Marchese di Saluzzo, son of TOMASSO III Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Marguerite de Roucy (-1475).

2. GIOVANNI (-29 Jan 1464). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale" as the sons of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[323]. He succeeded his father in 1445 as GIOVANNI IV Marchese di Monferrato. Reichsfürst and Imperial Vicar General in Italy 8 Jan 1464. m (contract 2 Jul 1454, by proxy 13 Jul 1457[324], 2 May 1458) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Savoie, daughter of LOUIS I Duke of Savoy & his wife Anne Pss of Cyprus (Turin 1439-Bruges 9 Mar 1483, bur Abbaye de Happlaincourt). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale", son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", married "Margarita sorella del Duca di Savoya" but had no children[325]. The marriage contract between "il Marchese Gio. di Monferrato" and "Margarita figlia del Duca Lodovico di Savoia" is dated 7 Jul 1454[326]. She married secondly Pierre II de Luxembourg Comte de Brienne (-25 Oct 1483). Marchese Giovanni IV & his wife had one child:

a) MARGHERITA ([1456/64]-25 Jul 1496, bur Glatz). m (1480 after 4 Feb) as his third wife, VIKTORYN Podiebrad Duke of Münsterberg and Troppau, son of JIŘI Podiebrad King of Bohemia, Duke of Münsterberg & his first wife Kunigunde Freiin von Sternberg (29 May 1443-Teschen 30 Aug 1500, bur Glatz). He resigned as Herzog von Troppau in 1485.

Marchese Giovanni IV had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses:

b) SARA . m (1453) NICCOLÒ Piccinino from Perugia, son of GIACOPO Piccinino Milanese condottiere & his wife ---.

c) SCIPIONE (-murdered Casale 26 Mar 1485). He was named heir to Monferrato by his uncle Marchese Bonifazio IV but was later murdered on the orders of the latter[327].

3. GUGLIELMO (19 Jul 1420-28 Feb 1483). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale" as the sons of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[328]. He succeeded his brother in 1464 as GUGLIELMO X Marchese di Monferrato. m firstly (19 Jan 1465) MARIE de Foix, daughter of GASTON IV de Grailly Comte de Foix et de Bigorre, Vicomte de Béarn & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Navarra ([after 1452]-1467). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Maria sorella del Cardinale de Foes" as the first wife of "Guglielmo" second son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[329]. m secondly (18 Jul 1469) ELISABETTA Sforza, daughter of FRANCESCO I Duke of Milan & his second wife Bianca Maria Visconti of Milan (1456-1473). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Elisabetta sorella del Duca Galeazzo Visconte Signore di Milano" as the second wife of "Guglielmo" second son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[330]. m thirdly (6 Jan 1474) BERNARDE de Brosse dite de Bretagne, daughter of JEAN [II] de Brosse Seigneur de Boussac & his wife Nicole de Châtillon-Blois dite de Bretagne Ctss de Penthièvre Vicomtesse de Limoges (-17 Feb 1485). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Bernarda de Ponthieura" as the third wife of "Guglielmo" second son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", adding that the couple was childless[331]. Marchese Guglielmo X & his second wife had two children:

a) BIANCA (1472-30 Mar 1519). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Bianca…mogle del Duca di Savoia Carlo" as the daughter of "Guglielmo", second son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", and his second wife[332]. "Marchese Bonifaccio di Monferrato" ordered the observance of the marriage contract between "Carlo primo Dica di Savoia" and "Bianca di Monferrato sua Nipote" by charter dated 13 Nov 1485[333]. Regent of Savoy 1490-1496. The testament of "Duchessa Bianca di Monferrato Vedova del Duca Carlo di Savoia" dated 12 Feb 1519 chooses her burial "nella Cappella grande della Chiesa della Beata Vergine delle Grazie del Luogo di Carignano" and names "il Duca Carlo di Savoia" as her heir, and in default "Filippo di Savoia Conte del Genevese fratello del detto Duca"[334]. m (1 Apr 1485) CHARLES I Duke of Savoy, son of AMEDEE IX Duke of Savoy & his wife Yolande de France (Carignano 29 Mar 1468-Pinerolo 13 Mar 1490).

b) GIOVANNA ([1473]-end 1490). Her marriage is confirmed by the testament of her husband "Dominus Ludovicus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 6 Feb 1498, which bequeathes property to "…Margaritæ comitissæ Montis majoris eius filiæ ex quondam…domina Joanna de Monteferrato…"[335]. The reversion of Monferrato to the Saluzzo family, in case of extinction of the former in the male line, was a condition of her marriage contract[336]. m (Aug 1481) as his first wife, her first cousin, LODOVICO II Marchese di Saluzzo, son of LODOVICO I Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Isabella di Montferrato (-Genoa 1504).

Marchese Guglielmo X had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses:

c) LUCREZIA . Signora di Bistagno, Monastero, Cassinasco e San Giorgio 1464/80. m firstly (11 Oct 1464) GIAMBARTOLOMEO Marchese di Carretto . m secondly (11 Jun 1472) RINALDO d'Este, illegitimate son of NICCOLÒ d'Este Signor di Ferrara e Modena & his mistress --- ([1435]-8 Apr 1503).

d) MARGHERITA . m (24 Jul 1487) HECTOR Aynard Seigneur de Montfort et de Chalençon (-murdered Milan Aug 1501).

4. AMADEA ([1420]-Nicosia 13 Sep 1440). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Isabella & Amadea" as the two daughters of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[337]. The Lignages d'Outremer name "Medea, figliola del marchese de Monferato" as the first wife of "Joanne, secondo figliolo de re Jannus", stating that she died childless[338]. The Chronicle of Amadi records the arrival in Cyprus in 1440 of "madama Medea de Monferato, moglie del…re Joanne", their marriage 3 Jul, and her death 13 Sep[339]. The "New Chronicle" records the date and place of her marriage, and the date and place of her death[340]. The Chronicle of Leontios Makhairas records that she was crowned queen with her husband 3 Jul 1440[341]. m (by proxy Ripaille 23 Dec 1437, in person Nicosia 3 Jul 1440) JEAN II King of Cyprus, son of JANUS I King of Cyprus & his second wife Charlotte de Bourbon (16 May 1418-Nicosia 28 Jul 1458).

5. BONIFAZIO di Monferrato, (Jun 1424-31 Jan 1494). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale" as the sons of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[342]. He succeeded his brother in 1483 as BONIFAZIO IV Marchese di Monferrato.

- see below.

6. TEODORO (15 Aug 1425-Asti 14 Jan 1484). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale" as the sons of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", adding in a later passage that Teodoro was born "14" and died "in Ast nel 14" (no months or years specified)[343]. Papal protonotary and legate of Monferrato. Cardinal 1467. Provost of Mainz Cathedral 1475. Provost of St Guido at Speyer 1475. He died after injuries received while carving meat.

BONIFAZIO IV 1483-1494, GUGLIELMO XI GIOVANNI 1494-1518, BONIFAZIO v 1518-1530, GIAN GIORGIO SEBASTIANO 1530-1533

BONIFAZIO di Monferrato, son of GIAN GIACOPO Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Jeanne de Savoie (Jun 1424-31 Jan 1494). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Zoanne, Gulielmo, Bonifacio & Theodoro cardinale" as the sons of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[344]. He succeeded his brother in 1483 as BONIFAZIO IV Marchese di Monferrato. Signor di Cassine e Felizzano, as vassal of Milan.

m firstly ORVIETANA Fregoso, daughter of PIETRO Fregoso Doge of Genoa & his wife ---.

m secondly (1483) HELENE de Brosse dite de Bretagne, daughter of JEAN [II] de Brosse Seigneur de Boussac & his wife Nicole de Châtillon-Blois dite de Bretagne Ctss de Penthièvre Vicomtesse de Limoges (-1484). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Helena figlola del Conte di Ponthevra, sorella della Marchesa Bernarda" as the first wife of "Bonifacio", third son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[345].

m thirdly (by proxy Innsbruck 8 Jul 1485) MARIJA Branković, daughter of STEFAN Branković [Serbia] & his wife Angelina Araniti ([1464/66]-27 Aug 1495). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Maria di Servia" as the second wife of "Bonifacio", third son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro"[346]. The Masarelli Vatican manuscript names (in order) John, George, Irene, Maria as the children of Stephen & his wife, stating that Maria married Bonifazio marchese of Monferrato[347]. Theodoros Spandounes records that "figliola…Maria…[di Stefano Despoto]" married "signor Bonifatio marchese di Monferrato"[348]. A manuscript which records details of the Musaki family names "signora Maria" as the daughter of "signor Stefano…figliolo del signor Despoto de Servia…Giorgio" and his wife, adding that she married "il signor marchese de Monferrato"[349].

Marchese Bonifazio IV & his second wife had one child:

1. son (-young). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Bonifacio", third son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", and his wife "Helena…di Ponthievra" had "un figlolo che morite in cunabulis"[350].

Marchese Bonifazio IV & his third wife had two children:

2. GUGLIELMO (Pontestura 10 Aug 1486-Casale Monferrato 4 Oct 1518). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Gulielmo & Zoanne Georgio" as the two sons of "Bonifacio", third son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", and his wife "Maria di Servia"[351]. The Masarelli Vatican manuscript names (in order) Guglielmo and Zanzorzi as the children of Bonifazio marchese of Monferrato and his wife[352]. A manuscript which records details of the Musaki family names "il primo…signor Guglielmo…l´altro…signor Giorgio" as the two sons of "il signor marchese de Monferrato" and his wife "signora Maria"[353]. He succeeded his father in 1494 as GUGLIELMO XI GIOVANNI Marchese di Monferrato, under the joint regency of his mother and his maternal uncle Konstantin Arianiti[354] m (Blois, église Saint-Sauveur 31 Aug 1508) ANNE d'Alençon, daughter of RENE Duc d'Alençon & his second wife Marguerite de Lorraine (30 Oct 1492-Casale Monferrato, Alessandria, Italy 12 Oct 1562). The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that Guglielmo married Anna daughter of the duke of Alençon, cousin of the king of France[355]. A manuscript which records details of the Musaki family names "il…signor Guglielmo…de Monferrato" married "la sorella di Monsignor d´---"[356]. Dame de la Guerche. Regent of Monferrato 1518-1530. Marchese Guglielmo XI Giovanni & his wife had three children:

a) MARIA (19 Aug 1509-1531). The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that the children of Guglielmo & his wife were (in order) Boniface, Maria and an unnamed daughter, stating that Maria married Federigo of Mantua[357]. Betrothed to FEDERIGO II Duke of Mantua, son of GIAN FRANCESCO II Marchese di Mantua & his wife Isabella d’Este of Ferrara (17 May 1500-28 Jun 1540).

b) MARGHERITA (11 Aug 1510-Casale 28 Dec 1566). The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that the children of Guglielmo & his wife were (in order) Boniface, Maria and an unnamed daughter[358]. A manuscript which records details of the Musaki family records that the daughter of "il…signor Guglielmo…de Monferrato" and his wife married "signor Federico duca de Mantua"[359]. Heiress of Monferrato, sequestrated 1533. She and her heirs were transferred 3 Nov 1536 by Emperor Karl V. m (16 Nov 1531) FEDERIGO II Duke of Mantua, son of GIAN FRANCESCO II Marchese di Mantua & his wife Isabella d’Este of Ferrara (17 May 1500-28 Jun 1540). Marchese di Monferrato 1536.

c) BONIFAZIO (21 Sep 1512-Casale 17 Oct 1530). The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that the children of Guglielmo & his wife were (in order) Boniface, Maria and an unnamed daughter[360]. He succeeded his father in 1518 as BONIFAZIO V Marchese di Monferrato. He fell during a hunt after his horse was frightened by the shrill cry of Lodovico Sforza.

3. GIAN GIORGIO SEBASTIANO (20 Jan 1488-Casale 30 Apr 1533). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Gulielmo & Zoanne Georgio" as the two sons of "Bonifacio", third son of "Zoanne Jacobo figlolo di Teodoro", and his wife "Maria di Servia"[361]. The Masarelli Vatican manuscript names (in order) Guglielmo and Zanzorzi as the children of Bonifazio marchese of Monferrato and his wife[362]. A manuscript which records details of the Musaki family names "il primo…signor Guglielmo…l´altro…signor Giorgio" as the two sons of "il signor marchese de Monferrato" and his wife "signora Maria", adding that Giorgio died childless[363]. Signor di Mombelo e Morano to 1530. Abbot of Lucedo 1509. Apostolic protonotary. Bishop-coadjutor of Casale. Bishop of Casale 1517. He resigned his ecclesiastical appointments in 1524. He succeeded his nephew in 1530 as GIAN GIORGIO SEBASTIANO Marchese di Monferrato. He died as his wife made her formal entry to Monferrato. m (Ferrara 29 Apr 1533) GIULIA di Aragona, daughter of FEDERIGO IV King of Naples & his second wife Isabella del Balzo (1492-Valencia 10 Mar 1542). The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that Zanzorzi married Isabella cousin of the king of Naples but died without issue[364]. Marchese Gian Giorgio Sebastiano had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

a) FLAMINIO Paleologo (-24 May 1571). Signor di San Giorgio e Caluso 1532. He served in the Spanish army. Governor of Casale and Senator 1559. He claimed the throne of Monferrato in 1568 and was imprisoned.

- see below.

Marchese Bonifazio IV had one illegitimate daughter by an unknown mistress:

4. FRANCESCA (-after 27 Dec 1561). m [firstly] ([1495/99]) KONSTADINI COMNINO Arianiti Titular Prince of Macedonia and Duke of Achaia, son of GJERGJ COMINO Araniti & his second wife Pietrina Franco ([1456/57]-Montefiore 8 May 1530). Regent of Monferrato 1493-1499. Imperial Vicar General in Italy. Signor di Ozano e Terugia 1492-1521. Signor di Fano 1515. [m secondly ([1535] --- Caracciolo, son of ---.]

FLAMINIO Paleologo, illegitimate son of GIAN GIORGIO SEBASTIANO Marchese di Monferrato & his mistress --- (-24 May 1571). Signor di San Giorgio e Caluso 1532. He served in the Spanish army. Governor of Casale and Senator 1559. He claimed the throne of Monferrato in 1568 and was imprisoned.

m LUCIA Fanzini, daughter of SIGISMONDO Fanzini, from Mantua [Governor of Casale 1539] & his wife ---.

Flaminio & his wife had eight children:

1. GIOVANNI (-1540, bur Monteu).

2. LAURA . m (before 11 Jul 1589) ---.

3. MARGHERITA . m (before 11 Jul 1589) [---, son of TEODORO Scazzoso].

4. TEODORO . He was ambassador of Ercole Gonzaga in 1536. Knight of the Order of Malta. He was at Novi in 1568, but fled to Spain[365].

5. FLAMINIO . He was ancestor of the family PALEOLOGHI-ORIUNDI[366].

6. ISABELLA (-before 11 Jul 1589).

7. ELEONORA (-before 11 Jul 1589).

8. FERDINANDO . He served the Gonzaga family[367]. m ---. The name of Ferdinando's wife is not known. Ferdinando & his wife had one child:

a) BERNARDINO (-before 1630). m ---. The name of Bernardino's wife is not known. Bernardino & his wife had one child:

i) BONIFAZIO ([1583/84]-2 Dec 1630). m ---. The name of Bonifazio's wife is not known. Bonifazio & his wife had one child:

(a) BONIFAZIO . 1679. He was court surgeon at Casale[368]. m ---, daughter of GIAMBATTISTA Bobina & his wife ---. Bonifazio & his wife had one child:

(1) GIAMBATTISTA Paleologo . 1687. He was court surgeon at Casale[369]. Ancestor of SILVIO, who lived around 1900[370].

Chapter 3. MARCHESI di SALUZZO

A. ORIGINS

The county of Tortona was one of the counties held by the Marchesi di Saluzzo in the 11th century. It was acquired by the bishop of Tortona before the late 12th century, as shown by the charter dated 7 Dec 1176 under which "dominum Obertum Terdonensem comitem et episcopum" issued a judgment relating to a property dispute[371], and the charter dated 22 Jul 1183 which names "dominum Ugonem Terdonensem episcopum et comittem"[372]. Around the end of the same century, lay jurisdiction appears to have been transferred to joint consules, as shown by the charter dated 2 Sep 1190 which records a judgment issued by "dominus Gandulfus Mussus et Albertus Barata et Guilielmus Membrutus consules Terdone"[373], presumably appointed each year as was the case with the consules at Genoa, although the nature of their administrative relationship with the bishop (if any) is unclear from the documentation which has been consulted. The bishop of Tortona is no longer referred to as count in the charters of the Tortona cartulary after the first couple of years of the 13th century, which suggests that any jurisdictional rivalry was resolved in favour of the consules. Nevertheless, it would appear that the two power bases continued to work closely together in Tortona, as demonstrated by the charter dated 6 Oct 1223 which records the return of the castle of Cella di Bobbio from the commune of Tortona to "marchiones Conradum et Opizonem Malaspinas" on condition that they swear allegiance to the bishop of Tortona[374].

ANSELMO, son of ALERAMO Signor del Marchio di Monferrato & his first wife --- (-[999/1014]). "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica" by charter dated Aug 951[375]. Marchese. "Anselmo Marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Aledrami itemque Marchio et Gisla comitissa jugalibus filiæ Adalberti, similique Marchioque Willielmus et Riprandus germanis filio bonæ memoriæ Oddoni…cum Domini Gaidaldi comes istius comitatus Aquensis" founded the monastery of Santo Quintini di Spigno by charter dated 991[376].

m GISELA, daughter of ADALBERTO Marchese & his wife ---. "Anselmo Marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Aledrami itemque Marchio et Gisla comitissa jugalibus filiæ Adalberti, similique Marchioque Willielmus et Riprandus germanis filio bonæ memoriæ Oddoni…Gisla ex natione mea legem…Longobardorum et nunc pro viro legem…Salica…" founded the monastery of Santo Quintini di Spigno by charter dated 991[377].

Anselmo & his wife had [four] children:

1. UGO (-26 Jan after 1035). "Heinricus…imperator" confirmed the property of the abbey of Fruttuaria, referring to property donated by "Ugo clericus et mater eius et fratres eius Anselmi marchionis filii et Vuillilemus et Raprandus fratres filii marchionis Oddoni", by charter dated 1014[378]. A charter dated 1024 records a dispute between "canonicorum sancti Martini" and "marchiones Italiæ Bonifacium…Albertum et Azonem, Otbertum et Hugonem" concerning "terras beati Martini de Italia"[379]. Marchese [di Tortona]. "Adalbertus marchio filius bonæ memoriæ Otberti itemque Marchio et Adeleyda jugalibus filia quondam Bosoni comitis quæ professa sum ex natione mea lege vivere Alamannorum, sed nunc pro ipso viro meo lege vivere…Longobardorum" founded the monastery of Santa Maria Castilione, in the presence of "domni Ugonis marchionis et comitis…comitatus Terdonensis", by charter dated 10 Jun 1033[380]. "Domnus Ugo marchio" is named as present in a charter dated 28 May 1035 under which the abbot of San Pietro di Tortona named proxies[381].

2. ANSELMO [II] (-before 7 May 1027). "Heinricus…imperator" confirmed the property of the abbey of Fruttuaria, referring to property donated by "Ugo clericus et mater eius et fratres eius Anselmi marchionis filii et Vuillilemus et Raprandus fratres filii marchionis Oddoni", by charter dated 1014[382]. "Einricus…imperator" acting through "domnus Otto comes palacii et comes eius comitatu Ticinensi" with "…Otbertus et Anselmus germanis marchionibus…" confirmed the property of the convent of San Salvator at Pavia, naming "Berengarius presbiter et Ugo comes germanis, filii bone memorie Sigefredi qui fuit similiter comes", by charter dated 7 May 1014[383]. Marchese [di Tortona]. m ADELASIA, daughter of AZZO Marchese & his wife --- (-after 11 May 1055). "Adila comitissa filia quondam Azonis Marchio et relicta quondam Anselmi itemque Marchio et Anselmus et Hugo germanis mater et filii prædicto quondam Anselmi…ex nativitate mea legem vivere Langobardorum…et nos…lege vivere Salica" donated property to the monastery of Santo Pietro di Saviliano by charter dated May 1055[384]. No other suitable "Azonis Marchio" has been identified who could have been Adelasia´s father except for Alberto Azzo [I] Conte di Luni. "Adela comitisa…conius quondam Anselmi marchio…Ugo et Anselmus filii et mundoaldi mei" promised not to disturb the possessions of the monastery of San Marziano by charter dated 11 May 1055[385]. Marchese Anselmo [II] & his wife had three children:

a) ODDONE [Tetis] (-before 31 Aug 1064). "Thetes Marchio filius quondam Anselmi Marchionis" founded the monastery of Vasto by charter dated 7 May 1027[386]. Marchese.

- see below.

b) ANSELMO . "Adila comitissa filia quondam Azonis Marchio et relicta quondam Anselmi itemque Marchio et Anselmus et Hugo germanis mater et filii prædicto quondam Anselmi…ex nativitate mea legem vivere Langobardorum…et nos…lege vivere Salica" donated property to the monastery of Santo Pietro di Saviliano by charter dated May 1055[387]. 1065.

c) UGO (-after May 1055). "Adila comitissa filia quondam Azonis Marchio et relicta quondam Anselmi itemque Marchio et Anselmus et Hugo germanis mater et filii prædicto quondam Anselmi…ex nativitate mea legem vivere Langobardorum…et nos…lege vivere Salica" donated property to the monastery of Santo Pietro di Saviliano by charter dated May 1055[388].

3. OBERTO [I] (-after 1034). "Einricus…imperator" acting through "domnus Otto comes palacii et comes eius comitatu Ticinensi" with "…Otbertus et Anselmus germanis marchionibus…" confirmed the property of the convent of San Salvator at Pavia, naming "Berengarius presbiter et Ugo comes germanis, filii bone memorie Sigefredi qui fuit similiter comes", by charter dated 7 May 1014[389]. Marchese. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" donated property "que Gebehardus comes in beneficium habuit, in comitatu Piligrimi et in pago Matihgowe" to the church at Pavia by charter dated 1014, naming "Ubertum comitem filium Hildeprandi, Otbertum marchionem et filios eius et Albertum nepotem illius" as previous owners[390]. "Otbertus Marchio filius bone memorie Anselmi item Marchionis et Wido seu item Otberti pater et filii" founded the monastery of Santa Justina of Sezzadio by charter dated 1 Mar 1030[391]. 1034. m ---. The name of Oberto's wife is not known. Marchese Oberto [I] & his wife had two children:

a) GUIDO (-after 1 Mar 1030). "Otbertus Marchio filius bone memorie Anselmi item Marchionis et Wido seu item Otberti pater et filii" founded the monastery of Santa Justina of Sezzadio by charter dated 1 Mar 1030[392].

b) OBERTO [II] (-[1061/65]). "Otbertus Marchio filius bone memorie Anselmi item Marchionis et Wido seu item Otberti pater et filii" founded the monastery of Santa Justina of Sezzadio by charter dated 1 Mar 1030[393]. Marchese 1061. m BEATRICE di Romagnano, daughter of ODALRICO Marchese di Romagnano [Auriate] & his wife Giulita --- (-after 1065). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been identified. Marchese Oberto [II] & his wife had two children:

i) ADALBERTO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Provost at Tortona Catheral 1065. Bishop of Acqui 1079.

ii) GUIDO (-before 1106). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Marchese. m ---. The name of Guido's wife is not known. Marchese Guido & his wife had two children:

(a) ALBERTO Alemanno (-before 15 Jan 1106). "Bruno filius quondam Odonis et Adelaida jugales, filia quondam Guidonis Marchionis…ex natione…lege vivere Salica" donated property "per successionem Alberti Alamani filii quondam Guidonis Marchionis fratris et cognati nostri" to "Gamundiensi populo" by charter dated 15 Jan 1106[394].

(b) ADELAIDA (-after 15 Jan 1106). "Bruno filius quondam Odonis et Adelaida jugales, filia quondam Guidonis Marchionis…ex natione…lege vivere Salica" donated property "per successionem Alberti Alamani filii quondam Guidonis Marchionis fratris et cognati nostri" to "Gamundiensi populo" by charter dated 15 Jan 1106[395]. m (before 15 Jan 1106) BRUNO, son of OTTONE & his wife ---. Ancestors of the Marchesi di Sezze.

4. [ERMENGARDA (-after 21 Oct 996). A charter dated 21 Oct 996 records the exchange of property in Cadeliano between the bishop of Asti and "Amelgausus filio quondam Rozo et Ermengarda jugalibus filia Anselmo marchio que professo sum ex nacione…Romana"[396]. m AMELGAUSO, son of ROZO & his wife --- (-after 21 Oct 996).]

5. OBERTO (-after 1071). Marchese [di Savona]. "Aubertus marchio" granted privileges to Savona by charter dated 1071[397].

B. MARCHESI del VASTO

ODDONE, son of Marchese ANSELMO [II] & his wife Adelasia --- (-[before 31 Aug 1064]). "Thetes Marchio filius quondam Anselmi Marchionis" founded the monastery of Vasto by charter dated 7 May 1027[398]. Marchese. His absence from his wife´s charter dated 31 Aug 1064 suggests that Oddone was already deceased at the time.

m BERTA di Susa, daughter of MANFREDO UDALRICO [II] Marchese di Torino e Susa & his wife Berta d'Este (-after 22 Apr 1065). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[399]. Heiress of Vasto and Busco. "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchiones et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[400].

Marchese Oddone & his wife had [six] children:

1. [GERBERGA . m GUIDO di Cavanesse . ]

2. MANFREDO (-1079). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[401]. "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchiones et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[402]. m ---. The name of Manfredo´s wife is not known. Manfredo & his wife had four children:

a) ENRICO del Vasto (-1137). "Bonifacius marchio filius quondam Teutonis…marchio et Henrico nepos suus" donated property to the canons of the church "in valle Burmia in loco…Ferranica" by charter dated 1097[403]. Lord of Paternò and Butera. "Henricus avunculus comitis…" witnessed a charter dated [Oct] 1116 by which "Rogerius Sicilie atque Calabrie comes" confirmed a judgment relating to Bagnara[404]. "Rogerius…Sicilie et Italie rex…Rogerii primi comitis heres et filius" confirmed past donations to St Mary Josephat, Jerusalem by (among others) "Henricus Manfredi marchionis filius" by charter dated 11 Oct 1144[405].

- LORDS of PATERNÒ.

b) ADELAIDA del Vasto ([1072]-Palermo 16 Apr 1118, bur Patti, Convent of San Salvatore). Her origin is confirmed by Malaterra who records the marriage of "comes Rogerus" and "Adelaydem…neptem Bonifacii…Italorum marchionis, filiam…fratris eius", dating the event to 1089[406]. Albert of Aix records that she was "ortæ de sanguine Gallorum" and refers to her consanguinity with her second husband[407], but the precise relationship has not been traced. According to Houben[408], she was "barely 15" on her first marriage, although the basis for this statement is not known and if it is correct her assumed birth year would be earlier or later than [1072] depending on the actual year of the marriage. She was regent of Sicily for her sons Count Simon and Count Roger II 1101-1112, jointly with Robert de Bourgogne, the husband of one of her step-daughters. She suppressed rebellions by her vassals with great severity. She established the Sicilian capital at Palermo [Mar/Jun] 1112. Fulcher of Chartres specifies that King Baudouin married the widow of Roger Count of Sicily and names her "Adelaidis" in a later passage[409]. Albert of Aix records the marriage at Acre of King Baudouin to the widow of "Rotgeri ducis Siciliæ, fratris Boemundi", describing in detail the magnificence of her suite, dated to [1113] from the context[410]. As a condition of her second marriage, she insisted that her son by her first marriage, Roger Count of Sicily, would become heir to Jerusalem if the second marriage produced no other heir[411]. Albert of Aix records that Arnoul Patriarch of Jerusalem ordered the king to repudiate his wife "propter adulterium" in relation to his "prima conjuge, de orta de principibus Armeniæ", implying that the former wife was still alive when the king remarried, but adds that the king was also accused of consanguinity with his wife who was "ortæ de sanguine Gallorum", whereupon his wife returned to Sicily[412]. A further difficulty was presumably the possibility of the crown of Jerusalem passing to the count of Sicily, in accordance with the arrangements made at the time of Baudouin´s third marriage, but this is not mentioned by Albert of Aix. Fulcher records her death in Sicily in April immediately after recording the death of King Baudouin[413]. The Annales Siculi record the death in 1118 of "Adelasia regina Ierosolimitana mater regis Rogerii"[414]. m firstly ([1087]) as his third wife, ROGER I Count of Sicily, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his wife [Fressenda] ([1031]-Mileto 22 Jun 1101, bur Mileto, Abbey of the Holy Trinity). m secondly (Acre Sep 1113, repudiated 1117) as his third wife, BAUDOUIN I King of Jerusalem, son of EUSTACHE II Comte de Boulogne & his second wife Ida of Lower Lotharingia (-Al-Arish 2 Apr 1118, bur Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre).

c) --- del Vasto . Malaterra records the betrothal of "duosque sorores [Adelaydis]" and "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano", dating the event to 1089, but states that Godefroi died before the marriage could take place[415]. Betrothed (1087) to GODEFROI of Sicily, son of ROGER I Count of Sicily & his second wife Eremburge de Mortain (-[1096/1120]). His father granted him Ragusa[416]. A leper, he lived in isolation in a remote monastery[417].

d) --- del Vasto . Malaterra records the betrothal of "duosque sorores [Adelaydis]" and "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano", dating the event to 1089[418]. m (1087) JORDAN of Sicily, [illegitimate] son of ROGER I Count of Sicily ([1067]-Syracuse 12 Sep [1091/92], bur Santa Maria, Mili San Pietro).

3. ANSELMO (-after 22 Apr 1065). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[419]. "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchiones et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[420].

4. BONIFAZIO ([1060]-[1127/35]). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[421]. Marchese del Vasto. Marchese della Liguria Occidentale.

- see below.

5. ENRICO (-after 22 Apr 1065). "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchioness et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[422].

6. OTTO (-after 22 Apr 1065). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[423]. "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchioness et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[424].

BONIFAZIO, son of ODDONE Marchese della Liguria Occidentale & his wife Berta di Susa ([1060]-[1127/35]). "Berta comitissa filia quondam Maginfredi et item Maginfredus et Anselmus, Bonifacius, Oto clericus germani et filii quondam Toto itemque marchionis, mater et filii" donated property to the monastery of San Silo near Genoa by charter dated 31 Aug 1064[425]. "Berta comitissa et Manfredus, Bonifacius et Anselmus marchioness et Henricus et Oto germani, mater et filii" donated property to the church of Santa Maria "de episcopatu Astensi" by charter dated 22 Apr 1065[426]. Marchese del Vasto. "Bonifacius marchio filius quondam Othonis" donated property to the church of Acqui by charter dated 22 Jul 1090 "in castro de Ceva"[427]. "Bonifacius marchio filius quondam Teutonis…marchio et Henrico nepos suus" donated property to the canons of the church "in valle Burmia in loco…Ferranica" by charter dated 1097[428]. "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[429]. "Bonifacius marchio cum filiis suis Manfredo atque Ugone" donated property to "ecclesie S. Donati de Monte" by charter dated 1121[430]. "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs and provided dowries for "filiabus…Sibilie et Adalaxia et alie filie si ex hac uxore nata fuit", but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum", by charter dated 1125[431]. "Bonifatius marchio…Agnes comitissa uxor ipsius marchionis…filii eius Mainfredus et Ugo" donated "domum sancti Laurentii" to Lérins by charter dated 1127[432].

[m firstly ALIX de Savoie, daughter of PIERRE I Comte de Savoie & his wife Agnès de Poitou. "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[433]. Szabolcs de Vajay dismisses this individual as an imaginary person designed to explain the claims of Marchese Bonifazio to Turin, which he in fact inherited through his mother who was the younger sister of Adelaida di Susa, mother of Comte Pierre[434]. It is uncertain whether he was aware of the charter quoted above when he made this suggestion. Even if the charter in question was spurious, it is unclear what purpose would have been served by fabricating the ancestry of Marchese Bonifazio´s wife. It should be noted that Bonifazio´s [second] wife Agnes de Vermandois was considerably younger than her husband. An earlier marriage would therefore be likely.]

m [secondly] AGNES de Vermandois, daughter of HUGUES de France "le Maisné" Comte de Vermandois et de Valois [Capet] & his wife Adelais Ctss de Vermandois [Carolingian] ([1085]-after 1127). The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis refers to (but does not name) the first of the daughters of "Hugonem Magnum [et] Adelaide comitissa Veromandensium" as wife of "Bonefacius marchio", parents of "Bonefacium archidiaconum Noviomensem et filios et filias, quarum una nupsit Guilelmo de Monte-pessulano"[435]. "Bonifatius marchio…Agnes comitissa uxor ipsius marchionis…filii eius Mainfredus et Ugo" donated "domum sancti Laurentii" to Lérins by charter dated 1127[436].

Marchese Bonifazio & his [first wife] had five children:

1. OTTONE (-[21 Dec 1099/1121]). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[437].

2. PIETRO (-[21 Dec 1099/1121]). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[438].

3. MANFREDO (-[4 Jun 1175/Mar 1176], bur Staffarda). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[439]. Marchese di Saluzzo.

- MARCHESI di SALUZZO.

4. UGO (-after 6 Apr 1161). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[440]. "Bonifacius marchio cum filiis suis Manfredo atque Ugone" donated property to "ecclesie S. Donati de Monte" by charter dated 1121[441]. "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[442]. "Bonifatius marchio…Agnes comitissa uxor ipsius marchionis…filii eius Mainfredus et Ugo" donated "domum sancti Laurentii" to Lérins by charter dated 1127[443]. "Marchiones filii domni Bonefatii…Manfredus, Wilielmus, Ugo, Anselmus, Enricus, Oddo Bouarius" donated property to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated 9 Dec 1138[444]. A charter dated 1140 records the agreement between the people of Genoa and "marchiones filios Bonefacii…Manfredum et Hugonem et Anselmum et Henricum et Ottonem", promising not to make war secretly with "Oberto comite Vintimillii" with the permission of Genoa[445]. "Manfredus et Hugo marchiones de Salutiis" donated property to the monastery of Civitacula by charter dated 1142[446]. Marchese di Clavesana: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Ugo took "marchionatus Cravexanæ"[447]. "…Ugo magnus marchio de Vasto…" witnessed a charter dated 6 Apr 1161 which records an agreement between Emperor Friedrich I and "Lambertum consulem" of Genoa with the Pisan legates[448].

5. GUGLIELMO (-after 1160). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[449]. "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[450]. Marchese di Busca: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Guglielmo took "marchionatus de Busca"[451]. Signori di Rossano 1155.

- MARCHESI di BUSCA e LANCIA.

Marchese Bonifazio & his [first/second] wife had two children:

6. ANSELMO (-after 1140). "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[452]. That he may have been born from the first marriage of his father is suggested by the charter dated 1196 under which his son "Bonifacius marchio de Cravexana" confirmed a donation to the monastery of San Stefano by "comitissa Adalasia avia mea"[453]. However, this charter could also refer to Bonifazio´s maternal grandmother, mother of Anselmo´s wife who is not otherwise known. Marchese di Ceva: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Anselmo took "marchionatus Ceve"[454].

- MARCHESI di CEVA e CLAVESANA.

7. BONIFAZIO (-[before 1138]). It is not clear whether Bonifazio was born from one of his father´s marriages or was illegitimate. "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[455]. This document shows that Marchese Bonifazio had two sons named Bonifazio. Documents pertaining to the divorce of Bernard [IV] Comte de Comminges and Marie de Montpellier include testimony on the couple´s consanguinity, in particular "dominam Clemenciam amitam regine" (Clémence de Montpellier, sister of Guillaume [VIII]) declared that "Bonifatius marchio habuit tres infantes…Bonefacium et Guillelmum marchionem et Sibiliam. De Bonifatio exivit domina Maria uxor domini Bernardo de Andusia…"[456]. Marchese di Cortemiglia [Curtimio]: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Bonifazio took "marchionatus de Curtimio"[457]. m ---. The name of Bonifazio´s wife is not known. Bonifazio & his wife had [two] children:

a) ALBERTO (-before 1189). Marchese di Incisa. "Adalasia filia quondam Adarati de Cerrei" donated property to "domino Alberto Marchionis de Incisa filio quondam Bonifacii" by charter dated Jul 1161[458].

- MARCHESI di INCIZA.

b) [MARIA . As noted above, documents pertaining to the divorce of Bernard [IV] Comte de Comminges and Marie de Montpellier specify "…De Bonifatio exivit domina Maria uxor domini Bernardo de Andusia…"[459], but this has not been reconciled with information from other sources. m BERNARD d'Anduze .]

Marchese Bonifazio & his [second] wife had five children:

8. ENRICO [I] "il Guercio" (Clavesana [1115]-Finale 1184). "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[460]. Marchese di Savona: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Enrico took "marchionatus Saone"[461].

- MARCHESI di SAVONA e CARETTO.

9. BONIFAZIO "minor" (-[1188/26 May 1190]). "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[462]. This document shows that Marchese Bonifazio had two sons named Bonifazio. Archdeacon of Noyon. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis refers to (but does not name) the first of the daughters of "Hugonem Magnum [et] Adelaide comitissa Veromandensium" as wife of "Bonefacius marchio", parents of "Bonefacium archidiaconum Noviomensem et filios et filias, quarum una nupsit Guilelmo de Monte-pessulano"[463]. A manuscript entitled Genealogia regum Francorum tertiæ stirpis names "Bonefacium archidiaconum Noviomensem" as one of the sons of "Bonefacius Marchio" and his wife "Hugo…frater Philippi Regis Francorum…filias…una"[464]. Bishop of Alba. Marchese di Curtemilia. "Dominus Bonifacius Marchio de Curtemilia" confirmed the donation of "medietas castri, villæ…et comitatus Laureti", made by "Otto Marchio qui fuit frater eius", to the consuls of Asti by charter dated 1188[465]. "Dominus Guilielmus Marchio de Ceva" donated "hæreditate Domini Bonifacii Marchionis de Curtemilia" to the consuls of Asti by charter dated 26 May 1190[466]. This latter charter shows that Bonifazio died without children, his property being inherited by his nephew Guglielmo Marchese di Ceva.

10. OTTONE "Boerio" (-before 1188). "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[467]. "Marchiones filii domni Bonefatii…Manfredus, Wilielmus, Ugo, Anselmus, Enricus, Oddo Bouarius" donated property to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated 9 Dec 1138[468]. A charter dated 1140 records the agreement between the people of Genoa and "marchiones filios Bonefacii…Manfredum et Hugonem et Anselmum et Henricum et Ottonem", promising not to make war secretly with "Oberto comite Vintimillii et filiis eius" with the permission of Genoa[469]. Conte di Loreto: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Otto took "comitatus de Laureto"[470]. A charter dated 1155 records an agreement between the consuls of Genoa and "Manfredo, Enrico…Ottoni Bouerio"[471]. "Willelmus marchio filius Bonefacii marchionis quondam bone memorie" donated property at Scarnafigi to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated to before 1156, witnessed by "Mainfredus marchio, Oto Bouerius marchio…"[472]. "Oto marchio" promised revenue to "Raimundo de Monteforti…Wilelmo de Monteforti et Mainfredo fratris eius" by charter dated 10 May 1157[473]. Marchese di Curtemilia. "Dominus Bonifacius Marchio de Curtemilia" confirmed the donation of "medietas castri, villæ…et comitatus Laureti", made by "Otto Marchio qui fuit frater eius", to the consuls of Asti by charter dated 1188[474]. m ---. The name of Ottone´s wife is not known. Ottone & his wife had one child:

a) BERENGARIO . "Dominus Raymundus Marchio de Busca filius quondam Domini Belengerii Marchionis de Busca" confirmed donations to "ecclesiæ Ulcensis" made by "D. Willelmo Marchione de Busca fratri dicti Domino Raimundi et Domino Henrico de Busca filio eiusdem Domini Willelmi et Domino Bellegerio filio quondam Domini Ottonis Boverii Marchionis" by charter dated 27 Apr 1231[475].

11. SIBILLA (-before 11 Dec 1146). "Bonifacius marchio" provided dowries for "filiabus…Sibilie et Adalaxia et alie filie si ex hac uxore nata fuit" by charter dated 1125[476]. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis refers to (but does not name) the first of the daughters of "Hugonem Magnum [et] Adelaide comitissa Veromandensium" as wife of "Bonefacius marchio", parents of "Bonefacium archidiaconum Noviomensem et filios et filias, quarum una nupsit Guilelmo de Monte-pessulano"[477]. The contract of marriage between "Guillelmus de Montispessulano" and "sponsam meam…Sibiliam" is dated Aug 1129 and lists her dowry as "castrum…Monsferrarius et Castrum Novum et villam de Sustancione et villam de Salzeto et villam Sancti Martini de Crecio" (Montferrier, Castelnau-le-Lez, Substantion, Salzetum, Le Crès {Hérault})[478]. According to documentation, identified by Johannes Vincke[479], relating to the divorce on grounds of consanguinity of Marie de Montpellier and her husband, she was the daughter of Bonifazio Marchese del Vasto (and, presumably, his wife Agnès de Vermandois, although this is not specified in the text). In this text, several of Marie's relatives bore witness to the couple's shared ancestry, in particular "dominam Clemenciam amitam regine" (Clémence de Montpellier, sister of Guillaume [VIII] Seigneur de Montpellier) declared that "Bonifatius marchio habuit tres infantes…Bonefacium et Guillelmum marchionem et Sibiliam. De Bonifatio exivit domina Maria uxor domini Bernardo de Andusia, de Guillelmo marchione exivit comitissa de Bigorra, et de comitissa de Bigorra exivit uxor Bernardoni comitis Convenarum. De Sibilia exivit Guillelmus de Montepessulano, et de Guillelmo Montispessulani exivit Guillelmus pater Marie regine Aragonum. Hec ita vera esse audivit ab antecessoribus suis et a domino B. de Andusia et a domino episcopo Cyffricensi fratre eius, et a domina Marchisa eius uxore, et a domino R. episcopo Litteuensi et a multis aliis". However, it should not be assumed that this documentation is completely accurate. The ancestry attributed to Bernard Comte de Comminges in the extract quoted above appears to be incorrect. In addition, in another part of the text several witnesses incorrectly state that the mother of Mathilde de Bourgogne was a daughter of Renaud Comte de Bourgogne. m (contract Aug 1129) GUILLAUME [VI] Seigneur de Montpellier, son of GUILLAUME [V] Seigneur de Montpellier & his wife Ermesende de Melgueil (-[1162]).]

12. ADELAIDA (-after 1125). "Bonifacius marchio" provided dowries for "filiabus…Sibilie et Adalaxia et alie filie si ex hac uxore nata fuit" by charter dated 1125[480].

C. MARCHESI di SALUZZO

MANFREDO I -1175, MANFREDO II 1175-1215

MANFREDO del Vasto, son of BONIFAZIO Marchese del Vasto & his first wife Alix de Savoie (-[4 Jun 1175/Mar 1176], bur Staffarda). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[481]. "Bonifacius marchio cum filiis suis Manfredo atque Ugone" donated property to "ecclesie S. Donati de Monte" by charter dated 1121[482]. "Dominus Meyfredus marchio de Vasto" donated revenue to the chapel of Staffarda by charter dated 23 Aug 1122[483]. "Bonifacius marchio" appointed "filiis suos Maginfredum et Wilielmum adque Ugonem necnon Anselmum…et Anricum et Bonefacium minorem atque Odonem" as his heirs but disinherited "Bonifacium…incixie nominatum" by charter dated 1125[484]. "Bonifatius marchio…Agnes comitissa uxor ipsius marchionis…filii eius Mainfredus et Ugo" donated "domum sancti Laurentii" to Lérins by charter dated 1127[485]. "Marchiones Wiliemus et Manfredus filii marchionis Bonifacii" promised not to construct castles in a certain location by charter dated 1135[486]. "Marchiones filii domni Bonefatii…Manfredus, Wilielmus, Ugo, Anselmus, Enricus, Oddo Bouarius" donated property to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated 9 Dec 1138[487]. A charter dated 1140 records the agreement between the people of Genoa and "marchiones filios Bonefacii…Manfredum et Hugonem et Anselmum et Henricum et Ottonem", promising not to make war secretly with "Oberto comite Vintimillii" with the permission of Genoa[488]. MANFREDO I Marchese di Saluzzo: a charter dated 22 Dec 1142 records the division of territories agreed between "Marchiones de Vasto…Mainfredum, Willielmum, Hugonem, Anselmum, Heinricum, Bonifacium et Oddonem filios quondam Bonifacii marchionis", under which Manfredo took "marchionatus de Salutia"[489]. "Mainfredus marchio…cum fratribus meis" donated revenue from Ruffia and Orsarola to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated 23 Feb 1143[490]. "Mainfredus marchio de Saluciis filius quondam domini Bonefacii marchionis de Vasto" donated property "in territorio…Torriana" to the monastery of Santa Maria di Staffarda by charter dated to 1148[491]. A charter dated 1155 records an agreement between the consuls of Genoa and "Manfredo, Enrico…Ottoni Bouerio"[492]. "Willelmus marchio filius Bonefacii marchionis quondam bone memorie" donated property at Scarnafigi to the monastery of Staffarda by charter dated to before 1156, witnessed by "Mainfredus marchio, Oto Bouerius marchio…"[493]. "Manfredus marchio filius condam Bonefacii bone memorie marchionis" donated property "in domo…Casanova…in territorio de Carmagnola" to Staffarda by charter dated 8 May 1161[494]. "Mainfredus marchio…cum filio suo Mainfredo" reached agreement with the abbot of Fruttuaria by charter dated 4 Jun 1175, witnessed by "Enricus vicecomes…"[495].

m ELEONORA, daughter of ---. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Elionor figlola di Zudich, Conte de la Thorre Alborea…nipota del Re di Spagna" as the wife of "Manfredo", first son of "Bonifazio"[496].

Marchese Manfredo [I] & his wife had three children:

1. MANFREDO (1140-[20/27] Feb 1215). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Manfredo" as oldest of the four sons of "Manfredo" and his wife "Elionor…"[497]. "Mainfredus marchio…cum filio suo Mainfredo" reached agreement with the abbot of Fruttuaria by charter dated 4 Jun 1175, witnessed by "Enricus vicecomes…"[498]. He succeeded his father in [1175] as MANFREDO II Marchese di Saluzzo. "Mainfredus filius quondam Mainfredi et Balengerius filius quondam Wilielmi" donated property "in territorio de Bordello" to Staffarda by charter dated Mar 1176[499]. "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum et domina Alaxia eius uxor…et Manfredus nepos eorum filius quondam Bonifacii" invested "Wilielmum Constantiam" with "castellum de Costiglolis" by charter dated 22 Apr 1192[500]. m [firstly] (before Jun 1182) ALASIA di Monferrato, daughter of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria (-[after 24 Jun 1231]). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Alasia figlola di Gulielmo Marchese di Monferrato" as the first wife of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio", son of "Manfredo"[501]. "Marchioni Manfredo marchionis Salutii filius" donated property to "Adilasie mee uxor filie Wilielmi marchionis Montisferrati" by charter dated 1182[502]. "Manfredo figlio del Marchese di Saluzzo" donated property by charter dated Jun 1182 with the consent of "Adelaide sua Consorte figlia del Marchese Guglielmo di Monferrato"[503]. "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum et domina Alaxia eius uxor…et Manfredus nepos eorum filius quondam Bonifacii" invested "Wilielmum Constantiam" with "castellum de Costiglolis" by charter dated 22 Apr 1192[504]. [m secondly ALASIA, daughter of ---. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "altra Alasia" as the second wife of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio", son of "Manfredo", adding that the couple was childless[505]. It is not known whether this information is correct, but the following charter shows that the widow of Marchese Manfredo II was the mother of his daughter Agnese.] "Domina Alasia de Saluciis committissa uxor quondam domini Mainfredi filii quondam Bonifacii…marchionis" sold "villam Rivifrigidi" [Rifreddo] to "domine Agneti sue filie et filie dicti domini Mainfredi marchionis", with the advice and consent of "domini Guidonis de Plozasco", by charter dated 14 May 1219[506]. "Domine A Salutiarum comitisse" confirmed an exchange of property by Riffredo monastery by charter dated 24 Jun 1231[507]. Marchese Manfredo II & his wife had four children:

a) AGNESE (-after 31 Mar 1223). "Domina Alasia de Saluciis committissa uxor quondam domini Mainfredi filii quondam Bonifacii…marchionis" sold "villam Rivifrigidi" [Rifreddo] to "domine Agneti sue filie et filie dicti domini Mainfredi marchionis", with the advice and consent of "domini Guidonis de Plozasco", by charter dated 14 May 1219[508]. Manfredo III Marchese di Saluzzo sold property at Rifreddo to "domine Agnetis amite sua" for the construction of a monastery by charter dated 2 Apr 1220 "domini Guidonis de Plozasco", by charter dated 14 May 1219[509]. "Domina Agnete filia condam domini Mainfredi marchionis de Saluciis" bought property for Rifreddo monastery by charters dated 7 Dec 1222, 22 Feb 1223, 31 Mar 1223 (twice)[510]. m as his second wife, COMITA Judge of Torres, son of --- (-1218).

b) BONIFAZIO di Saluzzo (-before 28 Apr 1213). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Bonifacio" as oldest child of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio" and his wife "Alasia figlola di Gulielmo Marchese di Monferrato"[511]. "Bonifacius filius comitissæ…" witnessed the charter dated 1192 under which "Petrus Manisel filius quondam Dominici Manisel et eius nepos Oto Manisel filius quondam Johannis Manisel, D. Adalasiæ comitissæ de Saluciis" donated property to "monasterio sancti Laurentii de Ulcio"[512].

- see below.

c) MARGHERITA (-after 1233). m GOFFREDO de Salvaing .

d) daughter . m GUGLIELMO II Marchese di Ceva, son of GUGLIELMO I Marchese di Ceva & his wife --- di Vento (-1219).

Marchese Manfredo II had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

e) son.

2. ANSELMO (-after 11 Aug 1165). "Dominus Anselmus filius Mainfredi marchionis…" witnessed the charter dated 11 Aug 1165 under which "dominus Enricus de Busca et filii eius…Iacobus et Anricus" donated revenue from land in Lagnasco to Staffarda by charter dated 11 Aug 1165[513].

3. BONIFAZIO (-before 22 Apr 1192). m ---. The name of Bonifazio´s wife is not known. Bonifazio & his wife had one child:

a) MANFREDO (-after 22 Apr 1192). "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum et domina Alaxia eius uxor…et Manfredus nepos eorum filius quondam Bonifacii" invested "Wilielmum Constantiam" with "castellum de Costiglolis" by charter dated 22 Apr 1192[514].

MANFREDO III 1215-1244

BONIFAZIO di Saluzzo, son of MANFREDO II Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Alasia di Monferrato (-before 28 Apr 1213). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Bonifacio" as oldest child of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio" and his wife "Alasia figlola di Gulielmo Marchese di Monferrato"[515]. "Bonifacius filius comitissæ…" witnessed the charter dated 1192 under which "Petrus Manisel filius quondam Dominici Manisel et eius nepos Oto Manisel filius quondam Johannis Manisel, D. Adalasiæ comitissæ de Saluciis" donated property to "monasterio sancti Laurentii de Ulcio"[516]. His parentage is confirmed by the marriage contract between "Marchese Bonifazio figlio del Marchese Manfredo di Saluzzo" and "Maria figlia di Comita Signore di Sassari in Sardegan" dated Aug 1202[517]. The date of his death is set by the marriage contract dated 28 Apr 1213 between "Thomam comitem Maurienne…Amedeo f. dicti comitis" and "Manfredum II marchionem de Saluciis…Agnetem f. quondam Bonefacii"[518].

m (contract 25 Jul 1202) MARIA, daughter of COMITA Judge of Torres [Sardinia] & his first wife Sinispella dei Giudici di Arborea (-after 22 Jan 1215). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Maria figlola dil Conte di Sardegna" as the wife of "Bonifacio", son of "Manfredo…Marchese…di Salucio"[519]. The marriage contract between "Bonifacium filium Mainfredi marchionis de Saluciis" and "Mariam filiam Comite…Turritane iudicis" is dated 25 Jul 1202[520]. "Comita judex Turritanus" donated property to "Girardo" in the name of "nepotum meorum…Manfredo et Agnete filiis quondam Bonifacii filii Manfredi marchionis de Saluciis et filie mee Maria" by charter dated 22 Jan 1215[521].

Marchese Bonifazio & his wife had two children:

1. MANFREDO (-29 Oct 1244). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Manfredo" as the son of "Bonifacio…Marchese…di Salucio" and his wife "Maria figlola dil Conte di Sardegna"[522]. "Comita judex Turritanus" donated property to "Girardo" in the name of "nepotum meorum…Manfredo et Agnete filiis quondam Bonifacii filii Manfredi marchionis de Saluciis et filie mee Maria" by charter dated 22 Jan 1215[523]. He succeeded his grandfather in 1215 as MANFREDO III Marchese di Saluzzo. m (Betrothed 4 Mar 1223, Mar 1233) as her first husband, BEATRIX de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie & his first wife Marguerite de Viennois (before 4 Mar 1223-10 May before 1259). The marriage contract between "Alaxiam comitissam Saluciarum et Manfredum marchionem Saluciarum eius nepotem" and "Thomam comitem Maurianæ…neptem suam…Beatrix" is dated 4 Mar 1223[524]. A contract dated 2 Oct 1227 between "Marchese Enrico di Savona" and "il Marchese Manfredo di Saluzzo" refers to the dowry of "Marchese di Savona…sua Consorte, figlia di Amedeo figlio del Conte di Savoia"[525]. She married secondly (Betrothed 8 May 1246, by proxy Mar 1247, contract 21 Apr 1247[526], [Dec 1248/Jan 1249]) as his first wife, Manfred von Hohenstaufen, who later succeeded as Manfred King of Sicily. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro records that "Manfredus" married "dominam Beatricem filiam ducis Sex Viarum, qui prius in virum…marchionem de Salluciis"[527]. A charter dated 8 May 1246 records the restitution of "castri Ripolarum" by Emperor Friedrich II to "fratribus de Sabaudia, Amedeo comite et Thoma", confirmed by the betrothal of "Manfredum dictum Lancea, filium naturalem imperatoris" and "Beatricem filiam Amedei comitis, relictam Manfredi marchionis Salucensis"[528]. The contract of marriage between "Manfredi Lanceæ filii Friderici Rom. Imperatoris" and "Beatrice marchionissa Salutiensi, filia Amedei comitis Sabaudiæ et in Italia marchionis, relicta Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum" is dated 21 Apr 1247[529]. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[530]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[531]. The absence of any reference to Beatrix´s current husband King Manfred suggests a breakdown in their marriage. Marchese Manfredo III & his wife had [four] children:

a) ALASIA ([1236]-before 12 Jul 1311, bur Pontefract, Church of the Black Friars). "Mainfredus III marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Beatricem de Sabaudia suam uxorem" as co-tutor of "Thomæ et Alasinæ filiorum suorum" in his testament dated 1244[532]. A manuscript history of the Lacy family records that “Edmundum de Lacy comitem” married “dominam Aleciam filiam marchionis de Salves in Italia, cognatam reginæ Anglia ex parte Sabinensi” when she was “in juventute sua”[533]. “Edmundus de Lascy constabularius Cestriæ” donated property to Roche Abbey, for the souls of “…Alesiæ uxoris meæ”, by undated charter[534]. As Alasia gave birth to her first child in 1250, it is unlikely that she could have been born later than 1236, although at that date her own mother was probably only thirteen years old. Given this tight chronology, it is assumed that Alasia was her parents' first child. m (Woodstock early May 1247) EDMUND de Lacy Earl of Lincoln, son of JOHN de Lacy Earl of Lincoln & his second wife Margaret de Quincy (1230-2 Jun 1258, bur Stanlaw Abbey).

b) TOMASO (-3 Dec 1296, bur Staffarda Santa Maria). "Mainfredus III marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Beatricem de Sabaudia suam uxorem" as co-tutor of "Thomæ et Alasinæ filiorum suorum" in his testament dated 1244[535]. He succeeded his father in 1244 as TOMASO I Marchese di Saluzzo.

- see below.

c) [MARGHERITA (1245-). As she and her sister Agnese are not mentioned in their father´s testament dated 1244, it is assumed that they were born posthumously and that they were twins. However, Margherita is not mentioned in the charter dated 24 Aug 1251 which names Marchese Manfredo III´s three other children and their tutor Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato. This raises doubts about the existence of Margherita. Nun.]

d) AGNESE (1245-after 4 Aug 1265, bur Pontefract, Church of the Black Friars). Her parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 24 Aug 1251 under which Bonifazio Marchese di Montferrato "tutor Thome filii condam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et filiarum suarum Alaxine et Agnesine" donated property to Staffarda monastery in accordance with the last wishes of Manfredo III Marchese di Saluzzo[536]. As she and her supposed sister Margherita are not mentioned in their father´s testament dated 1244, it is assumed that they were born posthumously and that they were twins (assuming that Margherita in fact existed, about which there are doubts as discussed above). It is assumed that her marriage was arranged by Pierre Comte de Savoie who had been her husband's guardian from 12 Feb 1254, after the death of his father[537]. m ([before 1262][538]) as his first wife, JOHN de Vescy, son of WILLIAM de Vescy & his second wife Agnes de Ferrers of Derby (18 Jul 1244-Montpellier 10 Feb 1289, bur Alnwick Abbey). No children.

2. AGNESE (-after 1219). The marriage contract between "Thomam comitem Maurienne…Amedeo f. dicti comitis" and "Manfredum II marchionem de Saluciis…Agnetem f. quondam Bonefacii" is dated 28 Apr 1213[539]. "Comita judex Turritanus" donated property to "Girardo" in the name of "nepotum meorum…Manfredo et Agnete filiis quondam Bonifacii filii Manfredi marchionis de Saluciis et filie mee Maria" by charter dated 22 Jan 1215[540]. Abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria di Rifreddo, founded in 1219. Betrothed (28 Apr 1213) to AMEDEE de Savoie, son of THOMAS I Comte de Savoie & his wife Marguerite [Beatrix] de Genève (Montmélian, Savoie 1197-Montmélian 24 Jun or 13 Jul 1253, bur Hautecombe, abbaye royale de Sainte-Marie). He succeeded his father in 1233 as AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie.

TOMASO I 1244-1296

TOMMASO di Saluzzo, son of MANFREDO III Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Béatrix de Savoie (-3 Dec 1296, bur Staffarda Santa Maria). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Thomaso" as the son of "Manfredo" and his wife "Biatrix figlola dil Conte Amedeo di Savoya"[541]. "Mainfredus III marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Beatricem de Sabaudia suam uxorem" as co-tutor of "Thomæ et Alasinæ filiorum suorum" in his testament dated 1244[542]. He succeeded his father in 1244 as TOMMASO I Marchese di Saluzzo. The men of "marchionatus Salutiarum" swore homage to "Mainfredi marchionis, Thomæ…filio" by charter dated 1244[543]. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless[544]. "Thomas marchio Salutiarum atque…Aluysia de Ceva eius uxor et Salutiarum marchionissa" donated property to "monasterii beati Marie de Revello" by charter dated 25 Jun 1291[545]. The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, chooses his burial "in monasterio S. Mariæ de Staffarda" with his heart buried "in monumento dominæ Alasiæ quondam marchionissæ Salutiarum consortis suæ in monasterio S. Mariæ de Revello", bequeathes property to "filium suum Philippum…filium suum Joannem…Bonifacium…Georgium… Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[546].

m ALOISIA di Ceva, daughter of GUGLIELMO [II] Marchese di Ceva & his wife --- di Saluzzo (-[22 Aug 1291/1293], bur Revello Santa Maria). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Loysa figlola dil Marchese di Ceva" as the wife of "Thomaso", son of "Manfredo"[547]. A charter dated 31 Mar 1282 names "Thome marchionis Salutiarum et Aluyisia eius uxoris"[548]. "Aloisia comitissa Salutiarum uxor Thomæ I marchionis Salutiarum" consented to donations by "eundem marchionem eorum filio Mainfredo" on the occasion of the latter´s marriage to "Beatrice filia quondam Mainfredi regis Siciliæ" by charter dated 1286[549]. "Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo e Marchesa Alosia padre e madre di detto Manfredo" consented to the marriage between "Manfredo figlio primogenito del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo" and "Beatrice figlia del fù Re Manfredo, sorella della Regina Costanza d'Aragona e Sicilia" by contract dated 3 Jul 1286[550]. "Thomas marchio Salutiarum atque…Aluysia de Ceva eius uxor et Salutiarum marchionissa" donated property to "monasterii beati Marie de Revello" by charter dated 25 Jun 1291[551].

Marchese Tomaso I & his wife had fifteen children:

1. MANFREDO ([1262]-Cortemiglia 16 Sep 1340, bur Farigliano Santo Giovanni). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Manfredo" as the oldest son of "Thomaso…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Loysa figlola dil Marchese di Ceva"[552]. He succeeded his father in 1296 as MANFREDO IV Marchese di Saluzzo.

- see below.

2. ELEONORA ([1265]-after 1315). The marriage contract between "dominus Thomas marchio Saluciarum…Elyenor filie" and "Henrico de Carretto filio…condam domini Jacobi marchionis de Carretto" is dated 1 Feb 1276[553]. The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[554]. Betrothed (1 Feb 1276) to ENRICO di Carretto, son of GIACOMO di Finale Marchese di Noli e Finale & his second wife Caterina da Marano [Hohenstaufen]. m ([1310]) as his second wife CORRADO I di Caretto titular Marchese di Savona, son of GIACOMO di Finale Marchese di Noli e Finale & his second wife Caterina da Marano [Hohenstaufen] (Finale [1250]-[1316/18]).

3. ALASIA [Alicia] (-25 Sep 1292). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[555]. m (before 1285) RICHARD FitzAlan Lord of Clun and Oswestry, son of JOHN FitzAlan Lord of Clun and Oswestry & his wife Isabel de Mortimer (3 Feb 1267-9 Mar 1302, bur Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire). He was created Earl of Sussex [Arundel] in 1289.

4. VIOLANTE ). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. Secondary sources show Violante as the third wife of Lucchino and mother of his three younger legitimate children. However, this is inconsistent with the sources which record his wife Elisabetta as still alive when Lucchino was killed and as mother of his son Lucchino (see the document MILAN) and also appears to be chronologically impossible. m [firstly] OBIZZO Spinola Doge of Genoa, son of --- (-1315). [m secondly (1339) as his third wife, LUCCHINO Visconti of Milan, son of MATTEO [I] Visconti Lord of Milan & his wife Violanta di Borri (-murdered Milan 24 Jan 1349).]

5. FILIPPO (-Oct 1324). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "filium suum Philippum…filium suum Joannem…Bonifacium…Georgium…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[556]. Governor of Sardinia 1324. m firstly (before 1292) SIBILLA di Peralta, daughter of GUGLIELMO Conte di Caltabellotta & his wife --- (-1321). m secondly (1324) AGALBURSA di Cervera, daughter of ---. Filippo & his first wife had four children:

a) ELEONORA (-1330). m don FELIPE Fernández Señor de Castro, son of don FELIPE Fernández Señor de Castro [Aragon] & his wife doña María Álvarez de Haro (-[1328/30]).

b) MARCHESA . m (1320) don PEDRO de Luna y Alagon, .

c) CONSTANZA (-18 Feb 1348). A nun in Monastero di Santa Chiara d’Oristano 1347. m (1328) PIETRO [III] Judge of Arborea, son of --- (-1347).

d) RAIMONDO de Peralta (-1348). He adopted his mother's name. Conte di Caltabellotta. m firstly ALDONZA, daughter of FILIPPO [I] Ferrando di Castro & his wife ---. m secondly (1322) as her second husband, doña ISABEL de Aragón, illegitimate daughter of FEDERIGO I King of Sicily & his mistress Sibilla Sormela (-1341). Descendants extinct 16th century.

6. GIOVANNI ([1272/76]-after 22 May 1329). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "filium suum Philippum…filium suum Joannem…Bonifacium…Georgium…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[557]. "Johannes de Saluciis filius quondam…Thome condam marchionis Saluciarum" donated property to "Manfredum marchionum Saluciarum fratrem suum" by charter dated 17 Jan 1297, and by a second charter of the same date was invested with "castris et villa Busche et castro et villa Centallj" by his brother[558]. A charter dated 19 Nov 1324 records an agreement between "D. Federicus Marchio Cravexanæ et Joannes de Salutiis" and "D. Guillielmus filius…D. Nani Marchionis Ceve, Bonifacius et Odonus fratres filii D. Georgii de Ceva quondam et nepotes dicti D. Nani Marchionis"[559]. "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[560]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[561]. Marchese di Dogliano. Maybe ancestor of the Marchesi di DOGLIANO.

7. BONIFAZIO (-before 8 Dec 1325). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "filium suum Philippum…filium suum Joannem…Bonifacium…Georgium…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[562]. A monk 1303. "Georgius filius quondam…Thome…quondam marchionis Saluciarum" donated property for the soul of "quondam Bonifacii fratris sui" by charter dated 8 Dec 1325[563].

8. GIORGIO (-in England after 1349). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "filium suum Philippum…filium suum Joannem…Bonifacium…Georgium…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[564]. A monk 1303. "Georgius filius quondam…Thome…quondam marchionis Saluciarum" donated property for the soul of "quondam Bonifacii fratris sui" by charter dated 8 Dec 1325[565]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[566].

9. BEATRICE (-after 17 Oct 1294). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[567].

10. CONSTANZA (-after 17 Oct 1294). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[568]. A nun.

11. MARGHERITA (-after 8 Jan 1332). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[569]. A nun at Revello 1313. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, donated property to "hospitali novo Revelli" and restored property to "Margaritæ, Alianæ et Catherinæ sororibus suis"[570].

12. ALIANA (-after 8 Jan 1332). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[571]. A nun at Revello. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, donated property to "hospitali novo Revelli" and restored property to "Margaritæ, Alianæ et Catherinæ sororibus suis"[572].

13. CATERINA (-after 8 Jan 1332). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[573]. A nun at Revello. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, donated property to "hospitali novo Revelli" and restored property to "Margaritæ, Alianæ et Catherinæ sororibus suis"[574].

14. ALUISIA (-after 17 Oct 1294). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[575].

15. ANNA (-after 17 Oct 1294). The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Elianoram filiam suam…filios dominæ Alasiæ filiæ suæ…filiam suam Beatricem…filiam suam sororem Constantiam…filiam suam sororem Margaritam…filiam suam sororem Alianam…filiam suam Catherinam…filiam suam Alvisiam…filiam suam Jolam…"[576]. m MANFREDO Beccaria .

Marchese Tomaso I had three illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

16. BONIFAZIO Facieto di Mulazzano (-after 1335). Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo donated "fortalicium Mantæ et…feudalia in Carmagnolia, Enviis et Sanctofronte" to "bastardo suo Mulazano de Salutiis" on his marriage to "Alaxina filia Facioni de Ellena", by charter dated to after 1273[577]. Signore di Mattone, Vicario generale di Saluzzo 1301. m ([16 Jan 1283]) ALASINA, daughter of FACIONO di Elena di Carmagnola & his wife ---. Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo donated "fortalicium Mantæ et…feudalia in Carmagnolia, Enviis et Sanctofronte" to "bastardo suo Mulazano de Salutiis" on his marriage to "Alaxina filia Facioni de Ellena", by charter dated to after 1273[578]. Tomaso Marchese di Saluzzo declared having received, in the name of "Facieti de Mullazano bastardi sui", from "Henrico de Ellena et eius filio Faciono de Carmagnolia" the dowry of "Alaxine filie dicti Facioni de Ellena uxoris dicti Facieti bastardi dicti domini marchionis", by charter dated 16 Jan 1283[579]. Bonifazio & his wife had two children:

a) GIOVANNI (-after 1355). Podesta di Saluzzo 1355.

b) CORRADINO (-after 1359). Podesta di Saluzzo 1359.

17. LANCIA (-after 1292).

18. LEONE (-after 1292).

MANFREDO IV 1296-1334, MANFREDO V 1341/1346

MANFREDO di Saluzzo, son of TOMMASO I Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Luigia di Ceva ([1262]-Cortemiglia 16 Sep 1340, bur Farigliano Santo Giovanni). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Manfredo" as the oldest son of "Thomaso…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Loysa figlola dil Marchese di Ceva"[580]. "Thomas marchio Saluciarum" emancipated "Maynfredum filium nostrum" is dated 12 Sep 1279[581]. "Mainfredus filius…Thome I marchionis Salutiarum" witnessed a charter dated 26 Jan 1283 which records an agreement between Guglielmo Marchese di Monferrato and the men of Alba[582]. The testament of "domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 17 Oct 1294, bequeathes property to "…Manfredum suum primogenitum"[583]. He succeeded his father in 1296 as MANFREDO IV Marchese di Saluzzo. "Mayffredus marchio Saluciarum pro se et Fredelicho filio suo" and "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia princeps Achaye" agreed the division of "marchionatus Montisferrati" by charter dated 30 Mar 1314[584]. "Mainfredus IV Marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Mainfredum filium suum et suæ uxoris Isabellæ de Auria" as his heir in "marchionatu Salutiarum" and disinherited "filium suum primogenitum Fredericum", by charter dated 1323[585]. "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[586]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[587]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[588]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Manfredo…Marchese di Saluzzo" died "nel 1340 circa"[589]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332 in the presence of "Domino Bonifacio Marchione de Carretto…", bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi", donated property to "hospitali novo Revelli" and restored property to "Margaritæ, Alianæ et Catherinæ sororibus suis", provides in case of the decease of "Odonus de Ceva" leaving "Leonora filia dicti Marchionis et uxor dicti Domini Odonis", provides conditional inheritance for "Federico eius filio…Thomam ipsius Friderici filium nepotem ipsius Domini Marchionis", and invests "Dominos Jacobum, Manfredum et Thomam de Carretto" with property[590]. A charter dated 12 Feb 1334 records a treaty between Robert I King of Sicily and "Manfredum marchionem Salutianum et eius filios Manfredum, Theodorum, et Bonifacium", naming "Borralus filius Henrici marchionis de Ponzono" as one of their representatives[591]. Under a charter dated 29 Dec 1334 "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum" records the allegiance of "carissimum filium nostrum Federicum"[592]. His place of burial is confirmed by the testament of his son Marchese Manfredo V (see below).

m firstly (1287) BEATRICE of Sicily, daughter of MANFREDO King of Sicily [Staufen] & his second wife Helena Dukaina Angelina (-[1307/08]). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Beatrix" as the child of "Manfredum" and his second wife "Helenam filiam despoti regis Thessalie"[593]. After her capture with her mother at Trani following her father's death, she was imprisoned at the Castel dell'Uovo in Naples from 1271. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that "la fille du roi Mainfroi, sœur de la reine d´Arragon" was freed from "le château de l´Hou" by "Roger de Lauria", dated to 1284[594]. The contract of marriage between "Manfredo figlio primogenito del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo" and "Beatrice figlia del fù Re Manfredo, sorella della Regina Costanza d'Aragona e Sicilia" is dated 3 Jul 1286 and specifies the consent of "Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo e Marchesa Alosia padre e madre di detto Manfredo"[595]. "Aloisia comitissa Salutiarum uxor Thomæ I marchionis Salutiarum" consented to donations by "eundem marchionem eorum filio Mainfredo" on the occasion of the latter´s marriage to "Beatrice filia quondam Mainfredi regis Siciliæ" by charter dated 1286[596].

m secondly (before 17 Jul 1308) ISABELLA Doria, daughter of BERNABÒ Doria, patrizio of Genoa & his wife Eleonora Fieschi (-1353, bur Staffarda). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Isabella figlola di miser Bernabo di Auria capetano & come signore di Savona" as the second wife of "Manfredo", oldest son of "Thomaso…Marchese di Salucio"[597]. "Manffredus…marchio Saluciarum" gave a quittance dated 17 Jul 1308 to "Bernabo Aurie capitanneo communis et populi Janue" for the dowry of "Ysabelle filie dicti Bernabo sponsse et uxoris dicti marchionis"[598]. "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[599]. The testament of her son "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, records that "mater mea" was buried in "monasterio Staffarda"[600].

Marchese Manfredo IV & his first wife had two children:

1. CATERINA . m GUGLIELMO Enganna, Signore di La Barge.

2. FEDERIGO di Saluzzo ([1287]-29 Jun 1336, bur Saluzzo Dominican Church). The early 14th century Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Rege Manfredo…aliam [filiam] Beatricem" and "Manfredo primogenito Thomæ marchionis Salutarium" as parents of "unicus filius Fredericus"[601]. He succeeded in 1334 as FEDERIGO I Marchese di Saluzzo.

- see below.

Marchese Manfredo IV & his second wife had five children:

3. [MANFREDO] (-before 14 Jul 1325). "Manfredus IV marchio Salutiarum" donated property on the death of "filio suo Mainfredo" by charter dated 14 Jul 1325[602]. This charter is difficult to understand. Manfred, son of Marchese Manfredo IV, is named in documents after this date. The birth of his younger brother Teodoro is estimated to [1313/14], therefore it appears unlikely that there was a second son named Manfredo born after the death of his older brother of the same name. It is assumed that "filio suo Mainfredo" in this document is an error for another name.]

4. MANFREDO ([1310/12]-[8 Aug 1389/1392]). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Manfredo" as the oldest of the three sons of "Manfredo…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Isabella…di Auria"[603]. "Mainfredus IV Marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Mainfredum filium suum et suæ uxoris Isabellæ de Auria" as his heir in "marchionatu Salutiarum" and disinherited "filium suum primogenitum Fredericum", by charter dated 1323[604]. "Fredericus de Saluciis filius…Manfredi marchionis Saluciarum" granted a licence for the marriage of "Philippi de Sabaudia principis Achaye…unam ex filiabus ipsius" and "Manfredum filium ipsius M. marchionis" by charter dated 4 Jul 1326[605]. "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[606]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[607]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[608]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi"[609]. A charter dated 12 Feb 1334 records a treaty between Robert I King of Sicily and "Manfredum marchionem Salutianum et eius filios Manfredum, Theodorum, et Bonifacium", naming "Borralus filius Henrici marchionis de Ponzono" as one of their representatives[610]. Signore di Mulazzano, Carde e Carmagnola. He deposed his nephew in 1341, succeeding as MANFREDO V Marchese di Saluzzo. He was deposed 27 Mar 1344, restored 13 May 1344 but deposed definitively in 1346. The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, chooses burial if he died in "Duriam Baltiam…ad domum fratrem Minorem in Papia in monumento in quo jacet domina Eleonora di Sabaudia consors, Maria filia et Philippus Galeatius nepos mei" and if "ultra…Duriam…in ecclesia S. Joannis de Farigliano cum patre meo", bequeathes property to "Dominus Antonius filius meus Archiepiscopus Mediolanensis…Manfredus et Joannes fratres filii quondam Hugolini olim filii mei…Thomam et Galeaz filios meos…Georgium filium Theodori fratris mei" and to "eorum filiis naturalibus" what would have been due to the deceased "Ludovicus filius meus…et…Joannes filius meus"[611]. m (consent granted 4 Jul 1326, 1333) ELEONORE de Savoie, daughter of PHILIPPE de Savoie Prince of Achaia & his second wife Catherine de Viennois (-Oct 1350, bur Pavia Franciscan Church). "Fredericus de Saluciis filius…Manfredi marchionis Saluciarum" granted a licence for the marriage of "Philippi de Sabaudia principis Achaye…unam ex filiabus ipsius" and "Manfredum filium ipsius M. marchionis" by charter dated 4 Jul 1326[612]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi"[613]. Marchese Manfredo V & his wife had eight children:

a) UGONINO (-before 5 Aug 1389). Signore di Cardé e Piozzo. The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "…Manfredus et Joannes fratres filii quondam Hugolini olim filii mei…"[614]. He was ancestor of the Signori di Cardé e Piozzo.

b) ANTONIO (-1401). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "Dominus Antonius filius meus Archiepiscopus Mediolanensis…"[615]. Archbishop of Milan.

c) LUDOVICO (-before 5 Aug 1389). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "eorum filiis naturalibus" what would have been due to the deceased "Ludovicus filius meus…et…Joannes filius meus"[616]. Ludovico had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

i) LANZARETTO (-after 1397).

d) MARIA (-bur Pavia Franciscan Church). The testament of her father "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, records that "domina Eleonora di Sabaudia consors, Maria filia et Philippus Galeatius nepos mei" were buried in "domum fratrem Minorem in Papia"[617].

e) ISABELLA . m FRANCESCO Malaspina, son of ---.

f) GIOVANNI (-before 5 Aug 1389). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "eorum filiis naturalibus" what would have been due to the deceased "Ludovicus filius meus…et…Joannes filius meus"[618]. Giovanni had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

i) ANTONIO Marsilio .

g) TOMMASO (-after 5 Aug 1389). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "…Thomam et Galeaz filios meos…"[619]. Signore di Mulazzano. m BARTOLOMEA Ceva dei Marchesi di Ceva, daughter of ---. Tomaso & his wife had one child:

i) MANFREDO (-1436). Signore di Mulazzano. Marshall of Savoy. m FRANÇOISE de Montmayeur, daughter of ---. Manfredo & his wife had one child:

(a) AMEDEA . m GUILLAUME ARMAND [I] de Polignac Vicomte de Polignac, Seigneur de Chalençon.

h) GALEAZZO (-after 5 Aug 1389). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "…Thomam et Galeaz filios meos…"[620]. Signore di Farigliano. Ancestor of the family di Farigliano.

5. TEODORO ([1313/14]-before 1348). "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[621]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[622]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[623]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi"[624]. A charter dated 12 Feb 1334 records a treaty between Robert I King of Sicily and "Manfredum marchionem Salutianum et eius filios Manfredum, Theodorum, et Bonifacium", naming "Borralus filius Henrici marchionis de Ponzono" as one of their representatives[625]. A charter dated 13 Apr 1338 records that "Theodorus frater…Manfredi filiusque…marchionis" was over 24 years old and under 25 years old[626]. Signore di Scarnafiggi. m ---. The name of Teodoro´s wife is not known. Teodoro & his wife had one child:

a) GIORGIO (-after 5 Aug 1389). The testament of "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Manfredi Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 5 Aug 1389, bequeathes property to "…Georgium filium Theodori fratris mei"[627]. Signore di Scarnafiggi.

6. BONIFAZIO (-before 1343). "Manfredus marchio Salutiarum" granted property to "Johanni de Saluciis fratri suo", with the consent of "Yssabele comittisse Saluciarum eius consortis et Manfredi, Theodori et Bonifacii filiorum suorum", by charter dated 10 Mar 1329[628]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[629]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[630]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi"[631]. A charter dated 12 Feb 1334 records a treaty between Robert I King of Sicily and "Manfredum marchionem Salutianum et eius filios Manfredum, Theodorum, et Bonifacium", naming "Borralus filius Henrici marchionis de Ponzono" as one of their representatives[632]. Signore di Torre di San Giorgio.

7. ELEONORA (-after 8 Jan 1332). The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332 in the presence of "Domino Bonifacio Marchione de Carretto…", provides in case of the decease of "Odonus de Ceva" leaving "Leonora filia dicti Marchionis et uxor dicti Domini Odonis"[633]. m OTTONE [I] Marchese di Ceva, son of GIORGIO Marchese di Ceva & his wife --- (-after 8 Jan 1332).

Marchese Manfredo IV had one illegitimate daughter by an unknown mistress:

8. ELINDA (-after 8 Jan 1332). The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332, bequeathes property to "Manfredo filio suo…Teodorum et Bonifatium filios suos et fratres dicti Manfredi…Elindæ filiæ suæ naturali…Dominæ Leonoræ nurui suæ et uxor dicti Manfredi"[634].

FEDERIGO 1334-1336, TOMASO II 1336-1341, 1346-1357

FEDERIGO di Saluzzo, son of MANFREDO IV Marchese di Saluzzo & his first wife Beatrice of Sicily [Hohenstaufen] ([1287]-29 Jun 1336, bur Saluzzo Dominican Church). The early 14th century Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Rege Manfredo…aliam [filiam] Beatricem" and "Manfredo primogenito Thomæ marchionis Salutarium" as parents of "unicus filius Fredericus"[635]. His parentage is confirmed by his marriage contract dated 3 Sep 1303 which names "Mainfredum IV marchionem Salutiarum…Fredericum primogenitum"[636]. "Mainfredus IV Marchio Salutiarum" appointed "Mainfredum filium suum et suæ uxoris Isabellæ de Auria" as his heir in "marchionatu Salutiarum" and disinherited "filium suum primogenitum Fredericum", by charter dated 1323[637]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[638]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[639]. The testament of "Dominus Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum", dated 8 Jan 1332 in the presence of "Domino Bonifacio Marchione de Carretto…", provides conditional inheritance for "Federico eius filio…Thomam ipsius Friderici filium nepotem ipsius Domini Marchionis"[640]. Under a charter dated 29 Dec 1334 "Manfredus Marchio Salutiarum" records the allegiance of "carissimum filium nostrum Federicum"[641]. He succeeded in 1334 as FEDERIGO I Marchese di Saluzzo. His place of burial is confirmed by the testament of his grandson Federigo II Marchese di Saluzzo (see below).

m firstly (contract 3 Sep 1303) MARGUERITE de la Tour du Pin, daughter of HUMBERT I Dauphin de Viennois & his wife Anne de Bourgogne [Capet]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Federico primo" married "Margarita figlola di Ulberto Dalfino"[642]. "Humbertus Dalphinus Viennensis et Albonis comes dominusque de Turre et Anna dalphina eius consors" appointed a proxy for the negotiation of the marriage of "unam ex filiabus nostris" and "filium marchionis Saluciarum" by charter dated 14 Aug 1302[643]. The marriage contract between "Humbertum Dalphinum Viennensem…Margaritam filiam" and "Mainfredum IV marchionem Salutiarum…Fredericum primogenitum" is dated 3 Sep 1303[644]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Delphini filia…Margaretam" and "Federicus Mainfredi marchionis Salutiarum filius"[645]. She is named in a quittance dated 30 Jan 1308 given by "Freilino Saluzzo figlio di Manfredo Marchese di Saluzzo e Margarita sua Consorte" to "Beatrice Dama di Faucigni ed Ugone Delfino" relating to her dowry[646].

m secondly (21 Jun 1333) GIACOMINA di Biandrate, daughter of GUGLIELMO Signore di San Giorgio & his wife ---. A charter dated 21 Jun 1333 refers to the marriage of "Fredericus de Saluciis" and "Guillelmus de Blandrate…Joabine sue filie"[647].

Marchese Federigo I & his first wife had two children:

1. TOMMASO ([1304]-Saluzzo 15 Aug 1357, bur Revello Santa Maria). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Thomas" as the son of "Federico primo" and his wife "Margarita figlola di Ulberto Dalfino"[648]. His parentage is confirmed by the quittance dated 5 Oct 1329 given by "Marchese Federico di Saluzzo" for payment of the dowry of "Ricarda figlia del Conte Galeazzo Visconti di Milano Moglie del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo figlio detto Marchese Federico"[649]. A charter dated 22 May 1329 records an arbitration by "DD. Joannes et Georgius de Salutiis" of a dispute between "Domino Manfredo Marchione Salutiarum et Manfredo eius filio…ac nomine Teodori et Bonifacii filiorum dicti domini Marchionis" and "Domino Federico de Salutiis…et Thomæ eius filii"[650]. A charter dated 4 Jun 1330 records an arbitration by "Dominus Philippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achajæ" of the dispute between "DD. Manfredum Marchionem Salutiarum, Manfredum, Teodorum et Bonifacium eius filios" and "Dominum Federicum primogenitum ipsius Domini Marchionis ac…Thomam ipsius Domini Federici filium"[651]. He succeeded his father in 1336 as TOMMASO II Marchese di Saluzzo. He was deposed in 1341 by his uncle Manfredo V, but resumed power from 27 Mar 1344 to 13 May 1344 and again in 1346. The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, chooses burial "apud monasterium S. Mariæ de Revello", bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…Beatrici filiæ suæ uxori Antonii Falletti…Luchinæ filiæ suæ uxori Domini Joannoni de Becharia…Dominæ Riccardæ comitissæ Salutiarum consortis ipsius Domini Marchionis"[652]. m (before 5 Oct 1329) RICCARDA Visconti, daughter of GALEAZZO [I] Visconti Lord of Milan & his wife Beatrice d´Este (-after 2 Aug 1361, bur Revello Santa Maria). The Chronicon of Pietro Azario names "Dominam Rizardam" as the daughter of "Dominus Galeazius Mediolani vicarius imperialis" and his wife, adding that she married "Domino Frailino marchioni Salutiarum"[653]. A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Thomas", son of "Federico primo", married "Richiarda sorella del Signor Galeazzo Maria Visconte Signore di Milano"[654]. "Marchese Federico di Saluzzo" gave a quittance dated 5 Oct 1329 for payment of the dowry of "Ricarda figlia del Conte Galeazzo Visconti di Milano Moglie del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo figlio detto Marchese Federico"[655]. The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "…Dominæ Riccardæ comitissæ Salutiarum consortis ipsius Domini Marchionis"[656]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[657]. Marchese Tomaso II & his wife had eleven children:

a) BEATRICE ([1329]-). The contract of marriage between "dominam Caterinam de Vienna principissam Achaie et Jacobum filium suum" and "dominum Thomam de Salutiis…Beatrisinam filiam ipsius domini" is dated 5 Mar 1337[658]. "Antonio Faletto fù Simondino d'Asti" granted a proxy to "Antonio Romagnano" for the negotiation of his marriage to "Beatrice figlia del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo e di Ricarda figlia di Galeazzo Visconti di Milano" dated 9 May 1343[659]. The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "…Beatrici filiæ suæ uxori Antonii Falletti…Luchinæ filiæ suæ uxori Domini Joannoni de Becharia…Dominæ…"[660]. Betrothed (contract 5 Mar 1337) to JACQUES de Savoie Signore di Piemonte titular Prince of Achaia, son of PHILIPPE de Savoie Prince of Achaia & his second wife Catherine de Viennois ([6/16] Jan 1315-Pinerolo 14 May 1367). m (1342) ANTONIO Falletto Signore di Villafaletto, son of ---.

b) FEDERIGO ([1332]-1396, bur Saluzzo Dominican Church). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Frederico" as the son of "Thomas…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Richiarda sorella del Signor Galeazzo Maria Visconte Signore di Milano"[661]. He succeeded his father in 1357 as FEDERIGO II Marchese di Saluzzo.

- see below.

c) GALEAZZO ([1332]-after 2 Aug 1361). The testament of "Dom. Humb. Dalph. Vienn. Sedis Apst. Capitaneus Generalis" is dated 29 Jan 1347 at Rhodos made bequests to "…Galiaco de Salutiis…nepoti meo…nepti meæ filiæ principis Auraicæ moniali de Salectis ordinis Cartusiensis…"[662]. The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[663]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[664].

d) AZZO di Paesana (1336-[1426]). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[665]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[666]. Ancestor of the family di PAESANA.

e) EUSTACHIO di Monterosso (-1405). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[667]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[668]. Conte di Cervinasco e Monesiglio, Signore di San Pietro Monterosso, Montemale e Prasleves. He was ancestor of the Marchesi di Monterosso, Valgrana e Montemale, and Saluzzo di Monesiglio families, extinct 20^th century.

f) CONSTANZO (-after 2 Aug 1361). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[669]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[670].

g) LUCCHINO (-after 2 Aug 1361). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[671]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[672]. Scudiero del Conte di Savoia.

h) GIACOMO (-after 2 Aug 1361). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[673]. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[674].

i) LUCCHINA (-after 5 Aug 1357). The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "…Beatrici filiæ suæ uxori Antonii Falletti…Luchinæ filiæ suæ uxori Domini Joannoni de Becharia…Dominæ…"[675]. m (before 5 Aug 1357) GIOVANNI Beccaria, son of ---.

j) PANTISALEA . Neither Pantisalea nor Anna are named in their father´s 1357 testament, which suggests either that they may not have been his legitimate daughters, or that they were twins born posthumously (although this latter possibility seems unlikely given the birth dates estimated for their oldest sister and brother). "Enrico Signore di Quart" gave a quittance dated 23 Mar 1363 to "Marchese Federico di Saluzzo" for payment of the dowry of "Pantisalea sua sorella, futtura Sposa di detto Signor di Quart"[676]. The primary source which confirms that this marriage took place has not yet been located. Betrothed (before 23 Mar 1363) to ENRICO Signore di Quart, son of ---.

k) ANNA . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Neither Pantisalea nor Anna are named in their father´s 1357 testament, which suggests either that they may not have been his legitimate daughters, or that they were twins born posthumously (although this latter possibility seems unlikely given the birth dates estimated for their oldest sister and brother). Nun at Revello.

2. daughter . m PIETRO Cambiano Signore di Ruffia.

Marchese Federigo I had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

3. GIACOMO . Signore di Brondello. m CATERINA Cambiano di Ruffia, daughter of DOMENICO Cambiano di Ruffia & his wife ---.

FEDERIGO II 1357-1396

FEDERIGO di Saluzzo, son of TOMMASO II Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Riccarda Visconti of Milan ([1332]-1396, bur Saluzzo Dominican Church). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Frederico" as the son of "Thomas…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Richiarda sorella del Signor Galeazzo Maria Visconte Signore di Milano"[677]. The testament of "Thomas Marchio Salutiarum…filius…Domini Friderici de Salutiis", dated 5 Aug 1357, bequeathes property to "Galeatium eius filium…Federico…filius Marchionis primogenitus…Azonem eius filium…Eustachium, Constantiium, Luchinum et Jacobum eius filios…"[678]. He succeeded his father in 1357 as FEDERIGO II Marchese di Saluzzo. The testament of "Domina Ricciarda de Vicecomitibus Mediolani relicta…Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 2 Aug 1361, chooses burial "in monasterio Revelli…in sepulchro præfati Domini Thomæ", and bequeathes property to "Galeatio, Azoni, Eustachio, Constantio, Luchini et fratri Jacobo eius filiis et filiis quondam domini Thomæ Marchionis eius viri…dominum Federicum Marchionem eius filium"[679]. The testament of "Fridericus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 27 May 1381, chooses burial "in ecclesia B. Dominici Ordinis fratrum Prædicatorum Salutiarum in sepulcro in quo jacet Dominus Fredericus avus noster", and bequeathes property to "filius noster Ugo…Roberto filio nostro minori…Thomam primogenitum nostrum"[680].

m ([1360]) BEATRIX de Genève, daughter of HUGUES de Genève Seigneur d'Anthon & his first wife Isabelle Dame d'Anthon (-after 1405). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis records that "Frederico", son of "Thomas…Marchese di Salucio", married "Beatrix figlola di Ugo Conte di Geneva"[681].

Marchese Federigo II & his wife had nine children:

1. TOMMASO (-after 5 Oct 1416, bur Saluzzo Santo Domingo). A continuation of the Chronica Jacobi de Aquis names "Thomas" as oldest son and successor of "Frederico…Marchese di Salucio" and his wife "Beatrix figlola di Ugo Conte di Geneva"[682]. He succeeded his father in 1396 as TOMMASO III Marchese di Saluzzo.

- see below.

2. AMEDEO (-1419). Seigneur d'Anton et de Varey 1396. Archdeacon at Saint-Jean de Lyon. Bishop of Valence.

3. PIETRO (-1412). Canon at Lyon and Le Puy. Bishop of Mende.

4. UGO (-after 1396). The testament of "Fridericus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 27 May 1381, bequeathes property to "filius noster Ugo…Roberto filio nostro minori…Thomam primogenitum nostrum"[683]. Signor di Sanfronte, Morny, Monreale e Bastide. m (1391) MARGHERITA del Balzo, daughter of ---. Ugonino & his wife had one child:

a) BERNARDO (-1434). Seigneur d'Anton et de Varey.

5. ROBERTO (-after 27 May 1381). The testament of "Fridericus Marchio Salutiarum filius quondam…domini Thomæ Marchionis Salutiarum", dated 27 May 1381, bequeathes property to "filius noster Ugo…Roberto filio nostro minori…Thomam primogenitum nostrum"[684]. Dominican monk.

6. GIACOMO . Dominican monk.

7. POLIA . "Franceschino fù Manfredo di Caretto" gave a quittance dated 29 Oct 1388 to "Marchese Federico di Saluzzo" for payment of the dowry of "Pollia figlia di detto Marchese e Moglie di detto Franceschino"[685]. m firstly FRANCESCO [II] del Carretto Signor di Millesimo (-[1385/86]). m secondly (1388) FRAMONTE de Cars .

8. VIOLANTE . m (1389)