The early history of Scotland is characterised by the absence of contemporary Scottish sources before the 10th century. This contrasts markedly with the situation in nearly all other European countries during the same period. No Scottish chronicles survive for this period and references to Scottish affairs in English chronicles are infrequent, although more information is included in Irish chronicles. In addition, the earliest confirmed Scottish royal charter dates from the reign of King Duncan II at the end of the 11th century, in contrast to the comparative wealth of charter evidence which has survived for Anglo-Saxon England. Reliable information now available about the early Scottish kingdom and its kings is therefore limited.

The present document attempts to reconstruct the genealogy of the Scottish kings from the mid-9th century. The earlier period, about which the information contained in the sources appears semi-mythical, has not been attempted. The reconstruction is based mainly on information extracted from Irish annals, in particular the Annals of Tigernath and Ulster (discussed in more detail in the Introduction to the document IRELAND), and in the 10th to 14th century Scottish chronicles which were collected by Skene in 1867[1]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun[2], which dates from the 1370s, and the later Liber Pluscardensis[3] are two other important sources which have been consulted, although the former is unreliable on many points of detail. As will be observed when studying this document, these different primary sources are mutually contradictory in many areas. The major point of difference concerns the regnal years, which means that dating of the early Scottish kings is reliable only when it can be checked against outside sources such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A complete analysis of the differences in regnal years between the 16 different surviving manuscripts is set out by Duncan[4].

The nub of the problem with the available Scottish sources is that each succeeding manuscript contains more detailed information than the previous ones. The suspicion is therefore that later chroniclers supplemented the limited information available with bogus additions, for reasons which will be discussed further below. The earliest available source, the late 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum which records events up to 995[5], contains a bare outline of the names of the kings with some incomplete information about their affiliations and events during their reigns. In particular, the Cronica de Origine includes no information about how King Aedh and King Indulf were related to the main family line. However, when we read the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach[6] and the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum[7], we see that the information has been expanded to show all the kings as related to each other. In the case of Kings Aedh and Indulf, they are stated to have been, respectively, the brother of King Constantine I and the son of King Constantine II. This process of expanded information continues with the Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177[8] and the two Chronicles of the Picts and Scots dated 1251[9] and 1317[10], all of which include additional details about where the kings died and were buried, as well as some further family relationships. For example Greg (also referred to as Giric or Grime), son of King Kenneth II, whose death is dated to [1005], is named for the first time in the 1251 chronicle. It is of course not known which earlier sources, since disappeared, may have been used in the compilation of the later manuscripts. Nevertheless, this phenomenon of expanded information over time does not inspire confidence in the overall reliability of the data.

If the hypothesis is correct, what then would have inspired the later chroniclers to add bogus information? It is not easy to place oneself in the mind of the later medieval chronicler. However, in the late 11th century Scotland was emerging from a couple of centuries of political anarchy, exacerbated by continual rivalries with England and Ireland as well as frequent Viking attacks. For the first time, the kingdom benefited from a series of strong kings (for example Malcolm III, David I and William I) who were powerful enough to forge a sense of national identity. In this climate of renewed vigour, the contemporary chroniclers may have been keen to emphasise continuity in the earlier royal succession in order to reinforce the legitimacy of the present incumbents and boost national identity. The idea of continuity was probably best served by a lengthy male-line royal ancestry. In this context, one is reminded of the lengthy genealogies included in the later Anglo-Saxon chronicles which, as discussed in the Introduction to the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS, were probably designed to reinforce the legitimacy of usurping monarchs and are of dubious factual accuracy. An interesting case from the Scottish documentation appears to support this hypothesis: that of King Eochlaid, whose reign is dated to the 880s. He is named in the 10th century Cronica de Origine as successor to his maternal uncle King Aedh. However, he is omitted from later documents. If our hypothesis is correct, this omission may have been intentional as his relationship to his predecessor through the female line was considered incompatible with the idea of male-line royal continuity. Another point relates to the alleged burial of the early kings on the island of Iona. These burials are not mentioned in the 10th century Cronica but are first referred to in the Chronicle dated 1177, suggesting another case of information introduced into later documentation to reinforce the sense of continuity in early Scottish history.

Other details about the early kings which are contained in the later Scottish chronicles are also dubious. For example, the more than 40 year reign attributed to King Constantine III in the first half of the 10th century, compared with the relatively short reigns of his predecessors and successors. King Constantine is named in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle so there is little doubt that he did exist. But it is possible that there were in fact two kings of the same name during this period attributed to Constantine III.

Assuming that the information is correct, the Scottish chronicles reveal a remarkably regular alternation of royal succession between two collateral lines of descent from the earliest kings, with no case of a son succeeding his father. The obvious explanation is that the succession was claimed by the most powerful individual at the time, and that there was no particular pattern or custom which governed the right to the throne. No evidence has been uncovered to support any hypothesis regarding any succession pattern of these early kings. The only reference to succession practice which has been found is the report in the Chronicle of John of Fordun which states that King Kenneth II decreed a change to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed"[11]. The move would obviously have been unpopular in the wider royal family, and King Kenneth was not powerful enough to carry it through, as shown by his murder in 995, alleged in the same source to have been committed by his collateral relatives.

Another feature of the reconstructed genealogy which is set out in the present document is the almost total lack of information about female members of the family, in particular the royal consorts. It would be inappropriate to draw too many conclusions from this about the insignificance of the role of early Scottish queens, assuming that consorts bore such a title (of which there is no evidence), as the absence of information may reflect lack of interest of the chroniclers rather than generally prevailing practices or attitudes. However, the information about Scottish queens and princesses which is found in primary sources from other countries is also sparse. This suggests minimal inter-marriage with neighbouring royal or noble families, in contrast once again with the Anglo-Saxon case, where information from Frankish, German and Scandinavian sources supplements the data in English primary sources concerning royal marriages.

Scottish kings were neither crowned nor anointed, but inaugurated in a ceremony which took place outdoors near the cross in the cemetery at the east end of the church of Scone. It is not known when this practice started as the first detailed account of such a ceremony is the 1249 inauguration of King Alexander III which is recorded in the chronicle of John of Fordun. There appears to have been no equivalent ceremony for the queen.

The normal recorded form of title of the Scottish kings found in primary sources "rex Scottorum", frequently translated into English as "King of the Scots" rather than "King of Scotland", is of little practical significance as it mirrors the practice in chronicles which describe the king of England as "rex Anglorum" and the duke of Normandy as "dux Normannorum". The form "King of Scotland" is therefore used throughout this document rather than "King of the Scots".

Early Scottish history between the late 8th and late 11th centuries has been analysed effectively by Alex Woolf, who provides a detailed analysis of primary sources in a highly readable narrative[12]. He pays particular attention to the source which in the present document is called the 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum, which he suggests represents an original king list spliced with other later material and was compiled in its present form by [1200][13].

Chapter 1. ORIGINS, KINGS of SCOTLAND 834-1034

ALPIN 831-834, DONALD I 859-863

1. [EOCHAID . m ---. The name of Eochaid´s wife is not known. Eochaid & his wife had [one child]:]

a) [ALPIN (-killed in battle against the Picts in Galloway [20 Jul/Aug] 834). The Chronicle of John of Fordun records the accession of "Alpin the son of Achay" in 831, his reign of three years, and his defeat by the Picts "20 July" after which he was beheaded[14]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[15]. It should be noted that Alpin´s parentage is not stated in the earlier chronicles.] m ---. The name of Alpin's wife is not known. Alpin & his wife had two children:

i) KENNETH [Cinaed] MacAlpin (-Forteviot, Perthshire 13 Feb [858], bur [Isle of Iona]). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 858 of "Cinaed son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[16]. He succeeded as KENNETH I King of Scotland.

- see below.

ii) DONALD [Domnall] (-Kinn Belachoir palace or killed in battle Scone 13 Apr [863], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Kinadius…filius Alpini, primus Scottorum…Dunevaldus frater eius" ruled for four years[17]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi, Dolfnal filius Alpini iiii…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[18]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Donald also a son of Alpin" succeeded his brother in 854, reigned for four years, died "at Scone" and was buried "in Iona beside his brother"[19]. He succeeded his brother as DONALD I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[20]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 862 of "Domnall son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[21]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Dunevaldus" died "in palacio Cinn Belachoir idus Aprilis"[22]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Douenald mac Alpin" reigned for 4 years, died "in Rathinueramon" and was buried "in Iona insula"[23].

GREG [877]-[892]

1. [LICET] or [DONGAL] . m ---. The name of his wife is not known. [Licet/Dongal] had one child:

a) GREG [Grig/Ciricius] (-Donedoure [892], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that, when "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh, "others say" that "Licet Ciricium filium" reigned[24]. The Cronica de Origine fixes the chronology by adding that "Aed filius Neil" died in the second year of his reign, and that there was a solar eclipse in the ninth year, adding that "Eochodius" was expelled from the kingdom. The Annals of Inisfallen and Annals of Ulster record the death of Aedh son of Niall King of Ireland (see the document IRELAND) in 879 of "Aed son of Niall king of Temuir”[25], which would place the accession of GREG King of Scotland to [877]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Hed filius Kinet i anno, Grig filius Dunegal xii…" as king, dated to the 9th century[26]. No information has yet been found to identify his alleged father "Licet". However, a different indication of Greg´s parentage is provided by the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach, which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[27] The Chronicle of John of Fordun, presumably echoing the Synchronisms, records that "his brother Heth the Wing-footed…also a son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded King Constantine and reigned one year, although "according to the rule of the kingship Gregory son of Dungallus should have come before him", adding in a later passage that Gregory succeeded as king in 875 after Aedh died, and reigned eighteen years[28]. The chronology suggests that "Ciricius" and "Gregory" refer to the same person. If these sources are being read correctly, Greg and Eochlaid ruled at the same time, presumably as rival kings probably over different parts of the country. If the mid-14th century John of Fordun can be believed, Greg had a better claim to the throne than King Aedh. This would suggest that he was a member of the same family, maybe in the previous generation. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Edh mac Kynnath" reigned for one year, was killed "in bello de in Strathalun a Girg filio Dungal" and that "Girg mac Dungal" reigned for 12 years, died "in Dundurn" and was buried "in Iona insula"[29]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[30]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "King Gregory died after a vigorous reign of eighteen years, all but a few months…at Donedoure" and was buried "in the island of Iona"[31].

The precise relationship between the following family group and the main family of Scottish kings has not been determined, but the names suggest a close relationship.

1. ALPIN . m ---. The name of Alpin´s wife is not known. Alpin & his wife had one child:

a) EOCHAID (-[937/40]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Dubucan filius Indrechtaig mormair Oengusa, Adalstan filius Advar rig Saxan, et Eochaid filius Alpini"[32], dated to [937/40] if the second person named can be identified as Æthelstan King of Wessex.

KENNETH I 844-859, CONSTANTINE I 863-877, EOCHAID 878-889, DONALD II 889-900

KENNETH [Cinaed] MacAlpin, son of ALPIN & his wife --- (-Forteviot, Perthshire 13 Feb [858], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Kinadius…filius Alpini, primus Scottorum" assumed the "Dalriete regnum" two years before coming to "Pictaviam" which he for 16 years[33]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[34]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Kenneth son of Alpin" succeeded his father in 834, and became king of the Picts in 839 "when they had been overcome", and reigned "nearly sixteen years as sole monarch of these kingdoms"[35]. Thereafter he is considered to have succeeded as KENNETH I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries, adding that "Kenneth son of Alpin…was the first king who possessed the kingdom of Scone, of the Gael"[36]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 858 of "Cinaed son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[37]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Kinadius…filius Alpini, primus Scottorum" died "Id Feb" from a tumour "in palacio Fothuirtabaicht"[38]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynat mac Alpin" reigned for 16 years, died "in Fethertauethn" and was buried "in Yona insula"[39]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information but records his place of death as "Forteviet", and adds that "tres filii…Fergus, Loern, Tenegus" were also buried at Iona[40].

m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known.

Kenneth I & his wife had [four] children:

1. CONSTANTINE [Causantin] (-killed in battle Inverdorat, the Black Cove, Angus [876], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Constantinus filius Cinadi" ruled for 16 years[41]. He succeeded his uncle as CONSTANTINE I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[42]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Constantinus filius Kinet xx…" as king, dated to the 9th century[43]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his nephew Constantine, son of his brother Kenneth the Great" succeeded in 858 on the death of Donald, and reigned for sixteen years[44]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that, in the second year of Constantine´s reign, "Amlaib cum gentibus suis" [Olaf King of Dublin] wasted "Pictaviam" which they occupied from 1 Jan to 17 Mar, and that in the third year "Amlaib" was killed by King Constantine[45]. The Annals of Ulster record that in 872 "Artgal king of the Britons of Strathclyde was killed at the instigation of Constantine son of Cinaed"[46]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that, in the fourteenth year of Constantine´s reign, a battle was fought at "Dolair" between "Danarios et Scottos", after which "Normanni" spent a whole year "in Pictavia"[47]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 876 of "Constantine son of Cinaed king of the Picts"[48]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantinus mac Kynat" reigned for 15 years, was killed "a Noruagiensibus in bello de Merdo fatha" and was buried "in Iona insula"[49]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Constantinus mac Kinet" reigned for 16 years, was killed "a Norvagensibus in bello Inuerdofacta" and was buried at Iona[50]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Constantine was killed in battle "at a spot named the Black Den" by the Danes[51]. m ---. The name of Constantine's wife is not known. Constantine I & his wife had one child:

a) DONALD (-killed Dun-fother [900], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Donivaldus filius Constantini" reigned for eleven years, after the expulsion of Eochlaid[52]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[53]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Duneval filius Constantini xi…" as king[54]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Donald…the son of…Constantine, son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded in 892 after the death of Gregory and reigned for eleven years[55]. He succeeded his cousin as DONALD II "Dasachtach" King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the battle "Innisibsolian, inter Danarios et Scottos", won by "Scotti", during King Donald´s reign[56]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that the Scots defeated the Danes during Donald´s reign, and that he was killed "opidum Fother"[57]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 900 of "Domnall son of Constantine king of Scotland"[58]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Donald was killed "opidum Fother…a gentibus"[59]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Donald mac Constantine" reigned for 11 years, died "in Fores" and was buried "in Iona insula"[60]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[61]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had [two] children:

i) [EUGENE . The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" granted "the lordship of the region of Cumbria" to "Eugenius the son of Donald his expected next heir" in "the sixteenth year of his reign" ([916/20][62]. No reference to him as been found in any other primary source. His name is not typical of the period. His existence should be treated with caution.]

ii) MALCOLM [Maelcoluim] (-killed Vlurn [954], bur [Isle of Iona]). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 954 of "Mael Coluim son of Domnall king of Scotland…killed"[63]. He succeeded in 942 as MALCOLM I King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. [AEDH (-killed in battle Strathallan [878], bur [Isle of Iona] or [Maiden Stone, Aberdeenshire]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Edus" succeeded King Constantine I and for 1 year and was killed "in civitate Nrurim", but does not state the family relationship between the two kings[64]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Aedh and his predecessors is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[65]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later Scottish chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. He succeeded as AEDH King of Scotland.]

- see below.

3. daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum which records that "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh and ruled for 11 years[66]. m RUN Macarthagail King of Strathclyde, son of --- ([878]). Run & his wife had one child:

4. MAEL MUIRE (-913). The mid-12th century Banshenchas records that "Mael Muire daughter of Cinaed son of Alpin" married "Aed Finnliath and then later…Flann Sinna"[69]. The reliability of this information is unknown, although the inclusion of a record of Mael Muire´s death in the Annals of Ulster (see below) indicates that she had some connection with Ireland. If the information is correct, the chronology dictates that Aedh Finnliath must have divorced his known wife Land of Osraige before marrying Mael Muire. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 913 of "Mael Muire daughter of Cinaed son of Ailpin”[70]. [m firstly as his [third] wife, AEDH Finnliath King of Ireland, son of NIALL & his wife --- (-Druimm Inasclainn 20 Nov 879). m secondly [as his --- wife,] FLANN King of Ireland, son of MAELSECHLAINN King of Ireland & his [second] wife Land of Osraige ([847/48]-Tailltin 25 May 916).] [Possible child by her first husband:]

a) [DOMNALL (-after 911). King of Strathclyde. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Doneualdus rex Britannorum", during its record of the early part of the reign of Constantine II King of Scotland, and the choice of "Duuenaldus filius Ede" to succeed him, "et Flann filius Maelsethnaill et Niall filius Ede"[71]. Some secondary sources show Donald as the son of Aedh King of Scotland. However, the subsequent references to the two Irish kings in the same passage suggest that the Chronicle is referring to the son of Aedh King of Ireland. If this hypothesis is correct, it is possible that Domnall´s claim to the Strathclyde throne was through Mael Muire, shown above as the possible second wife of his father, which would mean in turn that this Domnall was not the same person as the son of Aedh of the same name who is recorded in 863 (see above).]

AEDH 877-878, CONSTANTINE II 900-942, INDULF 954-962, COLIN 967-971, CONSTANTINE III 995-997

AEDH, son of [KENNETH I King of Scotland & his wife ---] (-killed in battle Strathallan [878], bur [Isle of Iona] or [Maiden Stone, Aberdeenshire]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Edus" succeeded King Constantine I and for 1 year and was killed "in civitate Nrurim", but does not state the family relationship between the two kings[72]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Aedh and his predecessors is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[73]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later Scottish chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. He succeeded as AEDH King of Scotland. The sources suggest that his succession was challenged by Greg and maybe also by Eochaid. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Hed filius Kinet i anno, Grig filius Dunegal xii…" as king, dated to the 9th century[74]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his brother Heth the Wing-footed…also a son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded King Constantine and reigned one year, although "according to the rule of the kingship Gregory son of Dungallus should have come before him"[75]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 878 of "Aed son of Cinaed king of the Picts…killed by his own associates"[76]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Edh mac Kynnath" reigned for one year, was killed "in bello de in Strathalun a Girg filio Dungal" and was buried "in Iona insula"[77]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records the same information[78]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, "the chiefs of the kingdom being divided amongst themselves", Aedh was mortally wounded in battle "at Strathallam", died two months later, and was buried "in the island of Iona beside his father"[79].

m ---. The name of Aedh's wife is not known.

Aedh & his wife had [two] children:

1. CONSTANTINE (-St Andrews [947/952], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Constantinus filius Edii" reigned for forty years, after King Donald II[80]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[81]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Constantinus filius Hed xxv…" as king[82]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" succeeded in 903 after the death of Donald and reigned for forty years[83]. He succeeded his cousin in 900 as CONSTANTINE II King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Normanni" (presumably indicating the Danes) ravaged "Dincalden, omnemque Albaniam" in the third and sixth years of Constantine´s reign[84]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Constantine defeated "Regnall" (presumably referring to Rægnald I King of York, see the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS) in "bellum Tinemore" in the 17th year of his reign[85]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 923 "the king of Scots and the whole Scottish nation accepted [King Edward the Elder] as father and lord", although the name of the king is not specified nor the circumstances of the subjugation[86]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum…Reignoldus rex Danorum…rex Streatcledwalorum" submitted to King Eadward and signed a treaty, undated but dateable to [920/22] from the context[87]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle date of 923 is not compatible with the date of the death of Rægnald King of York, recorded in 921 in the Annals of Ulster[88]. This subjection to England evidently did not last as the Chronicle records King Athelstan bringing "into submission all the kings in this island [including] Constantine king of Scots" in 926 and invading Scotland in 934 "both with a land and naval force"[89]. Florence of Worcester records King Constantine's invasion of England and defeat, with his son-in-law Olaf King of York, at Brunanburgh in 937 by Athelstan King of Wessex[90]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Constantine "in senecture decrepitus baculum cepit" ("took the staff") and handed the kingdom to "Mael filio Domnail"[91]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, according to "William", King Constantine was killed at Brunanburgh, but that "various truthful chronicles" say that he reigned for four more years, "he resigned the crown and, serving God in the monastic garb at St Andrews, was made abbot of the Culdees and lived there five years, where he also died and was buried" but was reburied in Iona "in the chapel of the blessed Oran in 947"[92]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 952 of "Constantine son of Aedh king of Scotland"[93]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Constantinus" in the tenth year of the reign of King Malcolm I[94]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantine mak Edha" reigned for 40 years, abdicated to become a monk, was made abbot "in Keldeorum Sancte Andree", where he served five years and was buried[95]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[96]. m ---. The name of Constantine's wife is not known. Constantine II & his wife had [three] children:

a) son (-killed in battle [936/37]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "filius Constantini" was killed in "bellum Duinbrunde" in the 33rd year of Constantine´s reign[97]. This date appears to coincide with the battle of Brunanburh in which Æthelstan King of Wessex defeated the invasion of England in which King Constantine participated (see above), although it is not certain that "Duinbrunde" refers to the same battle.

b) [INDULF [Ildulb] (-killed at the battle of the Bauds, Muir of Findochty, Banffshire [962], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Indulfus" was king after King Malcolm I and reigned for eight years[98]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Indulf and King Constantine II is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[99]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later Scottish chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Indolf filius Constantin ix…" as king[100]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Indulf son of Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" succeeded in 952 after King Malcolm was killed[101]. He succeeded his second cousin in 954 as INDULF King of Scotland. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Indolf mac Constantin" reigned for 9 years, was killed "a Noruagensibus in Innercolan" and was buried "in Iona insula"[102]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[103]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Indulf was killed by the Danes and was buried in "Columba´s island"[104]. m ---. The name of Indulf's wife is not known. Indulf & his wife had three children:

i) CULEN [Cuilean/Colin] (-killed in battle Amdarch [971]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Culenring" was king after "Caniculus" and reigned for five years[105]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[106]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Culen filius Indulf iv annis et vi mensibus…" as king[107]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Culen the son of King Indulf" succeeded as king in 965 after Dubh was killed and reigned four years and six months[108]. He succeeded in [967] as COLIN King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Marcan filius Breodelaig" was killed during the reign of Colin and that "Leot et Sluagadach" went to Rome[109]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 971 of "Cuilén son of Illulb king of Scotland…killed by the Welsh in a battle-rout"[110]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cellach filius Ferdalaig" reigned (implying, but not stating directly, that he had deposed Colin) and that "Culen et frater eius Eochodius" were killed "a Britonibus"[111]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Culen mac Indolf" reigned for 4 years and 6 months and was killed "ab Amdarch filio Donvald propter filiam suam in Ybandonia"[112]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[113]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Culen was killed by "a certain chief named Radhard" whose daughter the king had wanted to seduce[114]. m ---. The name of Culen's wife is not known. Culen & his wife had one child:

(a) CONSTANTINE (-killed in battle Rathinveramon [997]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[115]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Custantin filius Culen i anno et iv mensibus…" as king[116]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen" succeeded in 994 after King Kenneth II was killed, but that he was "continually harassed by Malcolm [son of King Kenneth] and his illegitimate uncle…Kenneth" and killed in battle "in Laudonia by the banks of the river Almond" after reigning for one and a half years[117]. He succeeded in [995] as CONSTANTINE III King of Scotland. He was killed by King Kenneth III. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Constantine son of Culannan king of Scotland” was killed in battle in [995/96][118]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantin mac Culen" reigned for 1 year and 6 months, was killed "a Kynnet filio Malcolmi in Rathinueramon" and was buried "in Yona insula"[119]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[120].

ii) EOCHAID (-killed in battle 971). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Culen et frater eius Eochodius" were killed "a Britonibus"[121]. He was killed by the king of Strathclyde.

iii) [OLAF [Amlaib] (-killed in battle [977]). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 977 of "Amlaíb son of Ollulb i.e. King of Scotland…killed by Cinaed son of Domnall"[122]. [He succeeded in [971] as OLAF King of Scotland.] It is assumed that "Ollulb" is intended to refer to King Indulf/Ildulb, although the name Olaf/Amlaib is Scandinavian, suggesting that his mother may have been of Viking stock. Olaf is not named in the Scottish sources. It is possible that he challenged the succession of King Kenneth II in 971 but was never generally recognised as king.]

c) daughter. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Florence of Worcester who states that King Constantine was Olaf's father-in-law[123]. m (937) OLAF King of Dublin, son of GUTHFRITH King of Dublin & his wife --- (-end 940). He installed himself as King of York in 939.

2. [DONALD . King of Strathclyde. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Doneualdus rex Britannorum", during its record of the early part of the reign of Constantine II King of Scotland, and the choice of "Duuenaldus filius Ede" to succeed him, "et Flann filius Maelsethnaill et Niall filius Ede"[124]. Some secondary sources show Donald as the son of Aedh King of Scotland. He is shown above as the possible son of King Aedh´s sister who had possibly married Aedh King of Ireland.]

It is possible that the following individuals were related to the main line of Scottish kings but the exact connection, if any, cannot be proved:

1. CAIRILL . m ---. The name of Cairill´s wife is not known. Cairill & his wife had one child:

a) DOMNAL (-[967]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Domnal filius Cairill", dated from the context to around the time of the accession of Colin as king[125].

2. FERDALAIG . m ---. The name of Cairill´s wife is not known. Cairill & his wife had one child:

a) CELLACH (-after 971). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cellach filius Ferdalaig" reigned, implying but not stating directly that he deposed King Colin[126].

MALCOLM I 942-954, DUFF 962-967, KENNETH II 971-995, MALCOLM II 1005-1034

MALCOLM [Maelcoluim], son of DONALD II "Dasachtach" King of Scotland & his wife --- (-killed Vlurn [954], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Mael filio Domnail" succeeded King Constantine II and reigned eleven years[127]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[128]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Malcolin filius Duneuald ix…" as king[129]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Constantine "made room for Malcolm, son of Donald, to reign" in 943 and that he reigned for nine years[130]. He succeeded in 942 as MALCOLM I King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Malcolm travelled to "Moreb" and killed "Cellach"[131]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 945 Edmund King of England "ravaged all Strathclyde and ceded it to Malcolm king of Scots" in return for an alliance, which was renewed by Edmund's brother and successor King Eadred to whom "the Scots gave oaths and promised to do his will in all things"[132]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Strath Clyde was devastated by the Saxons" in 944[133]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 954 of "Mael Coluim son of Domnall king of Scotland…killed"[134]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Malcolm was killed "in Fodresach id est in Claideom"[135]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Malcom mac Donald" reigned for 9 years, was killed "a Morauiensibus" and was buried "in Yona insula"[136]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Malcolm mack Dovenal" reigned for 9 years, was killed "in Vlurn a Moraviensibus" and was buried at Iona[137]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm "was killed at Ulrim" after reigning for nine years and three months[138].

m ---. The name of Malcolm's wife is not known.

Malcolm I & his wife had two children:

1. DUBH [Duff] (-killed in battle Forres [19/20 Jul 966], bur Isle of Iona). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" was king after King Indulf and reigned for five years[139]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[140]. It is assumed that "Niger" and "Dub" in these two sources refer to the same person, although this is not beyond all doubt. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Duf filius Malcolin iv annis et vi mensibus…" as king[141]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duff the son of King Malcolm" succeeded in 961 after Indulf was killed and reigned for four years and six months[142]. He succeeded in 962 as DUFF King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" defeated "Caniculum super Dorsum Crup", in which battle "Duchad abbas Duncalden et Dubdon satrapas Athochlach" were killed, after which Niger was expelled and "Caniculus" reigned for a short time[143]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 967 of "Dub son of Mael Coluim king of Scotland…killed by the Scots themselves"[144]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Duf mac Malcolm" reigned for 4 years and 6 months, was killed "in Fores…absconditus…sub ponte de Kynloss", when the sun did not shine, and was buried "in Iona insula"[145]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[146]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Duff was killed by robbers who hid his body, that "no ray of sunlight gleamed within the whole kingdom" until it was found, and that he was buried at Iona[147]. According to Duncan, this eclipse of the sun has been dated to 20 Jul 966[148]. Duncan says that, according to other sources, he was killed "by the men of Moray", in 967[149]. m ---. The name of Dubh's wife is not known. Dubh & his wife had one child:

a) KENNETH (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[150]. He succeeded in 997 as KENNETH III King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. KENNETH (-maybe murdered Finella's Castle, Fettercairn [995], bur Isle of Iona). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cinadius filius Maelcolaim" succeeded after the death of Colin, adding that after one year he invaded Saxony and brought back "filium regis Saxonum"[151]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[152]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Kinet filius Malcolin xxii annis et ii mensibus…" as king[153]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Kenneth the son of Malcolm and brother of King Duff" succeeded as king in 970 after Culen was killed and reigned for twenty-four years and nine months[154]. He succeeded in 971 as KENNETH II King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "subreguli eius octo…Kynath…rex Scottorum, Malcolm rex Cumbrorum, Maccus plurimarum rex insularum et alii quinque Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, Juchil" submitted to King Eadgar at Chester and rowed him on the river Dee, dated to [973] from the context[155]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Kenneth II decreed a change to the Scottish royal succession to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed", in opposition to "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen, and Gryme son of Kenneth son of King Duff"[156]. The same source adds that the king´s opponents persuaded "the daughter of Cruchne, Earl of Angus…Finele" to murder the king in revenge for the death of her son which he had ordered[157]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Cinaed son of Mael Coluim king of Scotland was deceitfully killed" in 995[158]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynnath mac Malcolm" reigned for 24 years and 2 months, was killed "a suis hominibus in Fetherkern" through the treachery of "Finuele filie filie Cunthar comitis de Anguss" whose only son had been killed by the king[159]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[160]. m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known. Kenneth II & his wife had one child:

a) MALCOLM ([954]-Glamis Castle, Angus 25 Nov 1034, bur Isle of Iona). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[161]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Malcolin filius Kinet xxx…" as king[162]. It is tempting to suggest that either he, or his first cousin with the same name, spent time at the court of Edgar King of England during his youth, as "Malcolm dux" subscribed a charter of King Edgar relating to land in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk dated 970[163], but there is no proof of the co-identity of these persons. He succeeded in 1005 as MALCOLM II King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Grime was killed by Malcolm, son of King Kenneth II, who succeeded as king[164]. He attacked northern England in 1006. King of Lothian from [1016], becoming effective ruler of the whole of Scotland. The Historia Regum of Simeon of Durham records a battle between "Huctredum filium Waldef comitem Northymbrorum" and "Malcolmum filium Cyneth regem Scottorum" at "Carrum" in 1018[165]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Malcolm submitted to Canute King of England in 1031, along with "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc"[166]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun defended Cumbria against King Canute, who agreed that it should be ruled by Malcolm´s grandson Duncan[167]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1034 of "Mael Coluim son of Cinaed, king of Scotland"[168]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1034 of “Mael-Coluímb son of Cinaed king of Scotland”[169]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Malcolm mac Kynnat Rex" reigned for 30 years, died "in Glammes" and was buried "in Yona"[170]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[171]. m ---. The name of Malcolm's wife is not known. King Malcolm III & his wife had [four] children:

i) BETHOC . The "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani"[172]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan[173]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm II had "an only daughter…Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles…in some annals, by a blunder of the writer…abbot of Dul"[174]. Lady of Atholl. m ([1000]) CRINAN "the Thane" Mormaer of Atholl, son of --- (-killed in battle 1045).

ii) [DONADA . Many secondary sources name Donada as a younger daughter of King Malcolm II and the mother of King Macbeth. It seems that the proof for this connection is slim. The only source so far identified which refers to Macbeth´s maternal origin is the Chronicle of Huntingdon which names "Maket Regem [=King Macbeth] nepotem dicti Malcolmi" when recording that he was expelled from Scotland after ruling 15 years[175]. The word "nepos" is of course treacherous, and could indicate a variety of relationships in addition to grandson. However, it appears that early historians assumed that "grandson" was the correct translation. For example, Ralph Holinshed´s 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth"[176]. Another variation is provided by the Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, which records that "Makbeth-Fynlak, his systyr sowne" murdered King Duncan[177]. From a chronological point of view, it is unlikely that Macbeth could have been a nephew of King Duncan, but it is possible that the passage represents an interpretation of "nepos" from an earlier source and has confused the king with whom Macbeth enjoyed this relationship. No source earlier than Holinshed has been found which names her Donada. m as his second wife, FINDLAECH MacRory Thane of Angus Mormaer of Moray, son of RUAIDHRI Mormaer of Moray & his wife --- (-1020). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1020 of "Finnlaech son of Ruadrí king of Alba…killed by his own people"[178].]

iii) [son . Rodulfus Glaber refers to Canute King of England seeking "the friendship of the king of the Scots, receiving his son at the font of baptism"[179]. This passage follows a description of "the Scots whose king was called Malcolm" resisting King Canute's invasion, undated but from the context apparently occurring at the start of Canute's reign. If it is correct that King Malcolm had a son baptised at this time, he would have been considerably younger than the king's daughters, presumably therefore born to a different mother. No corroborative evidence for the existence of this son has been found in other contemporary sources.]

iv) [daughter . Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earl Sigurd” married “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots”[180]. Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm"[181]. It appears unlikely that Sigurd´s wife could have been King Malcolm´s possible daughter Donada (as shown in many secondary sources, including the Complete Peerage[182]) if it is correct that Donada´s recorded husband Findlaech was killed in 1020 and also that their son was born in [1005][183]. m SIGURD "Digri" Hlodverson Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, son of HLODVIR [Lodver] Torfinnsson & his wife Audna --- (-killed in battle Clontarf 23 Apr 1014).]

Malcolm I had [one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress]:

3. [KENNETH . The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen" succeeded in 994 after King Kenneth II was killed, but that he was "continually harassed by Malcolm [son of King Kenneth] and his illegitimate uncle…Kenneth" and killed in battle "in Laudonia by the banks of the river Almond" after reigning for one and a half years[184]. He is not mentioned in any of the earlier sources so far consulted. His existence should be treated with caution.]

MACBETH 1040-1057

1. MACBETH, son of FINDLAECH MacRory Mormaer of Moray & his [second wife] [Donada of Scotland] ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii…" as king[185]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Machabeus son of Finele" killed King Duncan and succeeded as king in 1040[186]. Mormaer of Moray [1029/32]. He may have been one of the "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc" recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has having submitted to Canute King of England in 1031 with King Malcolm II[187]. He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Donnchal rex Scotiæ" was killed "1040 XIX Kal Sep" by "duce suo Macbethad mac Finnloech" who succeeded as king for 17 years[188]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "comes Siward" invaded Scotland with a large army in 1046 and briefly expelled "rege Macbeod", the king recovering his realm when Siward withdrew[189]. Florence of Worcester records that "Rex Scottiæ Macbethad" distributed silver in Rome ("Romæ argentum spargendo distribuit"), dated to 1050 by the editor of the edition consulted[190]. The dating of the various reports of King Macbeth´s defeat and death is inconsistent. It is not certain that all the records refer to the final battle in which he was killed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that he was defeated in battle 27 Jul 1054 by the army of Siward Earl of Northumbria which had invaded Scotland[191]. Florence of Worcester records that "dux Northhymbrorum Siwardus" defeated "rege Scottorum Macbeotha" in battle, dated to 1054, and installed "Malcolmum regis Cumbrorum filium" in his place[192]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[193]. The Chronicle of Huntingdon records that "comes Northumbrie Sywardus" invaded Scotland and that "Maket Regem nepotem dicti Malcolmi", who had reigned for 15 years, fled[194]. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Macfinlaeg" was killed "1057…in Augusto"[195]. The Annals of Ulster record in 1058 that "Mac Bethad son of Finnlaech, over-king of Scotland, was killed by Mael Sechlainn son of Donnchad in battle"[196]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” was killed by “Malcolm, son of Donnchad” in 1058[197]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Maket mac Fyngal" reigned 17 years, was killed "in Lufanan a Malcolm mac Dunkat" and was buried "in Iona insula"[198]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[199]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Machabeus" was buried "in the island of Iona"[200]. m (after 1032) [as her second husband,] GRUOCH, [widow of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray,] daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] of Scotland & his wife --- ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[201]. Her possible first marriage appears to be based on the following logic. The Continuation of the Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach records Lulach as son of Macbeth[202]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[203]. Dunbar, basing his argument on this and the other sources which are quoted in this section, states that "from the above it seems most probable that Lulach was son of Gillacomgan and step-son of Macbeth"[204]. In addition, the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Lulac nepos filii Boide" ["nephew of the son of Boite"] as successor of King Macbeth[205]. However, there does not appear to be a surviving source which more specifically confirms that Macbeth´s queen was the widow of Gillacomgain and mother of Lulach.

KENNETH III 997-1005, LULACH 1057-1058

KENNETH, son of DUFF King of Scotland & his wife --- (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[206]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Chinet filius Duf i anno et dimidium…" as king[207]. He succeeded in 997 as KENNETH III King of Scotland. The Annals of Ulster record that "the king of the Albu Cinaed son of Dub" was killed in battle "between the men of Albu themselves" in 1005[208].

m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known.

Kenneth III & his wife had [three] children:

1. [GREG [Giric] (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005], bur Isle of Iona). The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Girus mac Kinath mac Duff" reigned for 8 years, was killed "a filio Kinet in Moeghauard" and was buried at Iona[209]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1317 includes the same information[210]. His existence is not recorded in any of the earlier chronicles and should be treated with caution. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Kenneth II decreed a change to the Scottish royal succession to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed", in opposition to "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen, and Gryme son of Kenneth son of King Duff"[211]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Gryme the son of Kenneth son of Duff" succeeded in 996 after King Constantine III was killed and reigned for eight years and three months[212]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Grime was killed by Malcolm, son of King Kenneth II, adding that the latter arranged his burial at Iona[213].]

2. GILLACOMGAIN (-killed in battle 999). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[214]. m ---. The name of Gillacomgain's wife is not known. Gillacomgain & his wife had one child:

a) son . His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[215]. m ---. The name of this son's wife is not known. He & his wife had one child:

i) daughter (-murdered 1035). The Annals of Ulster record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[216]. m CATHAL King of Western Leinster, son of AMALGAID & his wife --- (-murdered 1035).

3. BOITE [Bodhe] (-before 1033). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "the grandson of Baete son of Cinead was killed by Mael Coluim son of Cinaed" in 1033[217]. m ---. The name of Boite's wife is not known. Boite & his wife had two children:

a) GILLE . Iinquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow refer to donations by "…Gille filius Boed…"[218]. same person as…? son. m ---. m ---. The name of this son's wife is not known. He & his wife had one child:

i) son (-murdered in infancy 1033). The Annals of Ulster record that "the grandson of Baete son of Cinead was killed by Mael Coluim son of Cinaed" in 1033[219].

b) GRUOCH ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[220]. Her possible first marriage appears to be based on the following logic. The Continuation of the Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach records Lulach as son of Macbeth[221]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[222]. Dunbar, basing his argument on this and the other sources which are quoted in this section, states that "from the above it seems most probable that Lulach was son of Gillacomgan and step-son of Macbeth"[223]. In addition, the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Lulac nepos filii Boide" ["nephew of the son of Boite"] as successor of King Macbeth[224]. However, there does not appear to be a surviving source which more specifically confirms that Macbeth´s queen was the widow of Gillacomgain and mother of Lulach. [m firstly GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray, son of MAELBRIGTE & his wife --- (-burned alive 1032). The Annals of Ulster record that "Gilla Comgán son of Mael Brigte, earl of Moray was burned together with fifty people" in 1032[225].] m [secondly] ([after 1032]) MACBETH, son of FINDLAECH MacRory Thane of Angus, Mormaer of Moray & his wife [Donada] of Scotland ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. Gruoch & her [first husband] had [one child]:

i) [LULACH ([1032]-killed in battle Essie, Strathbogie 17 Mar 1058, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii, Lulac nepos filii Boide iv mensibus et dimidium…" as kings[226]. The Continuation of the Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach records Lulach as son of Macbeth[227]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "on the death of Machabeus, some of his kinsfolk" installed "his cousin Lulath…the Simple" as king at Scone but that King Malcolm killed him 3 Apr 1057, adding that he was buried "in the island of Iona"[228]. He succeeded [his stepfather] in 1057 as LULACH "the Simple" King of Scotland, crowned Aug 1057 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Lulag" was killed "[1058]…in Martio"[229]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[230], although curiously this entry precedes the record of the death of King Macbeth in the same year. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[231], also preceding the record in the same source of the death of King Macbeth. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Lulach fatuus" reigned 4 months, was killed "in Esseg in Strathbolgin" and was buried "in Iona insula"[232].]

- MORMAERS of MORAY.

Chapter 2. KINGS of STRATHCLYDE

1. RUN Macarthagail (-[878]). King of Strathclyde. m --- of Scotland, daughter of KENNETH I King of Scotland & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum which records that "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh and ruled for 11 years[233]. Run & his wife had one child:

a) EOCHAID (-[889]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh and ruled for 11 years before being expelled[234]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum does not name Eochlaid in its king-list[235]. He succeeded his maternal uncle as EOCHAID King of Scotland. His succession appears to have been challenged by Greg (see above). Deposed [889]. The Gwentian Chronicle records that "the men of Strath Clyde who would not unite with the Saxons were obliged to leave their country and go to Gwynedd" in 890, adding that "Anarawd gave them leave to inhabit the country taken from him by the Saxons, comprising Maelor, the Vale of Clwyd, Rhyvoniog and Tegeingl, if they could drive the Saxons out which they did bravely"[236].

1. DUNWALLON [Donald] . The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Doneualdus rex Britannorum", during its record of the early part of the reign of Constantine II King of Scotland, and the choice of "Duuenaldus filius Ede" to succeed him[237]. m ---. The name of Dunwallon´s wife is not known. Dunwallon & his wife had one child:

a) EOAN (-after 934). The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "rex Constantinus" held "Cumbriam et ceteras terras in Anglia" and that in the 16th year of his reign (916, on the assumption that the passage refers to Constantine II King of Scotland) gave "Eugenio filio Douenaldi…dimidium regni Cumbrie hereditarie possidendum"[238]. King of Strathclyde 916. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum…Reignoldus rex Danorum…rex Streatcledwalorum" submitted to King Eadward and signed a treaty, undated but dateable to [920/22] from the context[239]. m ---. The name of Eoan´s wife is not known. Eoan & his wife had one child:

i) DUNWALLON [Donald] (-974). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "king Edmund ravaged Strathclyde and ceded it to Malcolm king of Scots, on the condition that he would be his fellow-worker by sea and land" in 945[240]. Roger of Wendover records that King Edmund, with help from "Leolini regis Demetiæ" [this person has not been identified], devastated "Cumbriam totam" and blinded "duobus filiis Dummail eiusdem provinciæ regis" in 946[241]. The Welsh sources do not record Welsh participation in the expedition. The Annales Cambriæ record that "Strat Clut vastata est a Saxonibus" in 946[242]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Strath Clyde was devastated by the Saxons" in 944[243]. The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Strathclyde was devastated by the Saxons who killed all they could find in their way, of the Britons belonging to it" in 943[244]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dunwallon king of Strath Clyde went to Rome" in 974[245]. The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Dunwallon king of Strath Clyde went to Rome and took the tonsure" in 975[246]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 974 of “Domnall son of Eoan king of Britain…in pilgrimage”[247]. m ---. The name of Donald´s wife is not known. Donald & his wife had [five] children:

(a) son (-after 945). Roger of Wendover records that King Edmund, with help from "Leolini regis Demetiæ", devastated "Cumbriam totam" and blinded "duobus filiis Dummail eiusdem provinciæ regis" in 398[248].

(b) son (-after 945). Roger of Wendover records that King Edmund, with help from "Leolini regis Demetiæ", devastated "Cumbriam totam" and blinded "duobus filiis Dummail eiusdem provinciæ regis" in 398[249].

(c) [AMDARCH [Radhard] (-after [971]). The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Culen mac Indolf" reigned for 4 years and 6 months and was killed "ab Amdarch filio Donvald propter filiam suam in Ybandonia"[250]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[251]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Culen was killed by "a certain chief named Radhard" whose daughter the king had wanted to seduce[252].]

(d) MALCOLM (-996). Florence of Worcester records that "subreguli eius octo…Kynath…rex Scottorum, Malcolm rex Cumbrorum, Maccus plurimarum rex insularum et alii quinque Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, Juchil" submitted to King Eadgar at Chester and rowed him on the river Dee, dated to [973] from the context[253]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 996 of “Mael-Coluimb son of Domnall king of the Britons of the North”[254].

(e) EOAN (-killed 1015). The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Owain son of Dyvnwal was killed" in 1015[255].

1. DOMNALL, son of [AEDH Finnliath King of Ireland & his wife Mael Muire of Scotland (-after 911). King of Strathclyde. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Doneualdus rex Britannorum", during its record of the early part of the reign of Constantine II King of Scotland, and the choice of "Duuenaldus filius Ede" to succeed him, "et Flann filius Maelsethnaill et Niall filius Ede"[256]. Some secondary sources show Donald as the son of Aedh King of Scotland. However, the subsequent references to the two Irish kings in the same passage suggest that the Chronicle is referring to the son of Aedh King of Ireland. If this hypothesis is correct, it is possible that Domnall´s claim to the Strathclyde throne was through Mael Muire, shown above as the possible second wife of his father, which would mean in turn that this Domnall was not the same person as the son of Aedh of the same name who is recorded in 863 (see above).]

Chapter 3. KINGS of SCOTLAND (DUNKELD)

A. ORIGINS

CRINAN "the Thane", son of --- (-killed in battle 1045). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. Mormaer of Atholl. He was killed fighting King Macbeth. The Annals of Ulster record that "Crónán abbot of Dún Caillen" was killed in 1045 in "a battle between the Scots themselves"[257]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Crínan abbot of Dunkeld” was killed in 1045 in “a battle between the men of Scotland on one road”[258].

m ([1000]) BETHOC, daughter of MALCOLM II King of Scotland & his wife ---. The "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani"[259]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan[260]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm II had "an only daughter…Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles…in some annals, by a blunder of the writer…abbot of Dul"[261].

Crinan & his wife had two children:

1. DUNCAN [Donnchad] ([1001]-killed in battle either Bothganowan/Pitgaveny, near Elgin, or Burghead 14 Aug 1040, bur Isle of Iona). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death of "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland" in 1040[262]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Duncan" as son of "Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles" and his wife[263]. He succeeded in 1018 as King of Strathclyde. He succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1034 as DUNCAN I King of Scotland.

- see below, Part B. KINGS of SCOTLAND 1034-1290.

2. MALDRED (-killed in battle [1045]). His parentage is confirmed by Simeon of Durham who records the marriage of "Maldred the son of Crinan"[264]. Lord of Allerdale. Regent of Strathclyde 1034/35.

- EARLS of DUNBAR.

B. KINGS OF SCOTLAND 1034-1290

DUNCAN I 1034-1040, DONALD III 1093-1097

DUNCAN [Donnchad], son of CRINAN "the Thane" Mormaer of Atholl & his wife Bethoc of the Scots ([1001]-killed in battle either Bothganowan/Pitgaveny, near Elgin, or Burghead 14 Aug 1040, bur Isle of Iona). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death of "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland" in 1040[265]. He is not named as king in the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum king-list[266]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Duncan" as son of "Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles" and his wife[267]. He succeeded in 1018 as King of Strathclyde. He succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1034 as DUNCAN I King of Scotland. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Karl Hundason” succeeded King Malcolm in Scotland and records his battles with Thorfinn Jarl of Orkney[268]. No other record has been identified of this alleged person. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Dumechanus rex Scotorum" besieged Durham in 1039 with a large army but retreated from the siege[269]. He was killed in battle by his first cousin, Macbeth, who succeeded as King of Scotland. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Donnchal rex Scotiæ" was killed "1040 XIX Kal Sep" by "duce suo Macbethad mac Finnloech" who succeeded as king for 17 years[270]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland, was killed by his own people" in 1040[271]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Donncadh mac Crínan, airdrí Alban” was killed “immaturo etate a suis” in 1040[272]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Duncan was killed by "Machabeus son of Finele…at Bothgofnane" and buried in the island of Iona[273]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Donchath mac Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" reigned for 6 years, was killed "a Maketh mac Fyngel in Bothngouane" and was buried "in Yona insula"[274].

m ([1030]) [SIBYLLA], [cousin of SIWARD Earl of Northumbria, daughter of ---]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that the mother of Malcolm and Donald Bane, Duncan´s sons, was "the cousin of Earl Siward"[275]. This information is not included in any earlier source and should be considered dubious. In one earlier king list, King Malcolm III's mother is named "Suthen"[276]. No reference has been found in primary sources to her being named Sibylla, the name found in many secondary sources.

King Duncan I & his wife had [three] children:

1. MALCOLM (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth, later transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, and later still to Escorial, Madrid). The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[277]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. DONALD (-in prison Rescobie, Forfarshire 1099, bur Dunkeld Abbey, later transferred to Isle of Iona). Matthew Paris names him as brother of King Malcolm, and records that he was elected by the Scots to succeed his brother in 1093 as DONALD III "Bane" King of Scotland[278]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[279]. According to Florence of Worcester, he expelled all the English from the Scottish court[280]. "Douenald filius Conchat Regis" made donations "cum ceteris regibus…Duncano rege Edgaro et Alexandro et David fratribus"[281]. This charter is undated and the reference to the four brothers all as kings indicates that it is probably spurious. Florence of Worcester records that King Donald was deposed in 1094 by his nephew Duncan, with help from the English and Normans[282]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[283]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his uncle Donald…again usurped the kingship" after the death of "Duncan, King Malcolm´s illegitimate son" and reigned for three years[284]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitorem Eadgarum" led an army to Scotland in [1097] to place "consobrinum suum Eadgarum Malcolmi regis filium" on the Scottish throne after expelling "patruo suo Dufenaldo"[285]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan II "was murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald" and that the latter was "dispatched by the contrivance of David, the youngest brother and the power of [King] William [II]"[286]. He was imprisoned. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donald mac Donchat" was captured "a Edgar mac Malcolm", blinded, died in "Rosolpin" and was buried "in Dunkelden", transferred to Iona[287]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. King Donald III & his wife had [one child]:

a) [BETHOC (-[1150/70][288]). The sources are contradictory regarding the supposed child of King Donald. The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "dñi Johannis Comyn" name "Gothrik" as the son of "Dovenald filius Duncani filii Erici", and trace John Comyn´s descent from him[289]. However, in the Great Roll, John Comyn traced his descent from Bethoc, daughter and heiress of Donald[290]. Bethoc´s first marriage is confirmed by a charter of King Henry III dated 1261 which confirmed to John Comyn the land inherited from Hextildis, wife of Richard Comyn and daughter of Uhtred son of Waltheof[291]. Her second marriage is referred to by Young but he does not cite the corresponding primary source, which has not yet been identified[292]. Altogether the chronology for Bethoc is stretched almost to beyond credibility. Her supposed father King Donald Bane must have been born before 1040, and yet his daughter is supposed to have been living more than 100 years later, and her supposed second husband living in the last quarter of the 12th century. It is suggested that this supposed descent of Hextilda, wife of Richard Comyn, from King Donald Bane should be treated with caution. m firstly ([1085]) UHTRED Lord of Tynedale, son of [293]WALTHEOF ---. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Uctred fil Walleof" in Northumberland[294]. m secondly RADULF, son of DUNEGALL Lord of Nithsdale (-[1185]).] [Bethoc & her first husband] had [one child]:

i) [HEXTILDA of Tynedale . The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "dñi Johannis Comyn" name "Hextilde" as daughter and heiress of "Gothrik", son of "Dovenald filius Duncani filii Erici", and "Willelmo" as her son and heir[295]. “R. Cumin” donated property to Hexham Priory, with the consent of “uxoris meæ Hextildis”, by undated charter which names “fratrem meum Walterum”[296]. "Ric Cymyn" donated "ecclesiam de Lyntunruderie" to Kelso monastery, for the souls of "Henrici comitis dni mei et…Johis filii mei quorum corpa apud eos tumulant", by charter dated to [1160], witnessed by "Hextild sponsa mea, Od filio meo…"[297]. "Ricardus Cumin" donated [Slapfeld] to Holyrood Abbey, with the consent of "Hestild uxoris mee et heredum meorum", by charter dated to [1166] witnessed by "…Odinello et Simone filiis meis…"[298]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which “Hextildis comitissa de Eththetela” donated property to Rievall Abbey, for the soul of “domini mei Richardi Cumin”[299]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[300]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Hextild, Willelmus, Odenellus, Simon, Ricardus Cumin…", and in a later passage "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius…"[301]. m firstly ([1144/50]) RICHARD Comyn, son of --- Cumin [Comyn] & his wife --- (-[1179]). m secondly (after 1179) as his second wife, her second cousin, MALCOLM Earl of Atholl, son of MADDAD Earl of Atholl & his first wife --- (-[1186/Aug 1198]).]

3. [MAELMUIRE [Melmare] . According to the Complete Peerage, Melmare, who it says was the father of Madach Earl of Atholl, was the son of Duncan I King of Scotland & his wife ---, but it cites no corresponding primary source[302]. The primary source which confirms that this is correct has not yet been identified. The only primary source reference to Maelmuire which has so far been found is the undated charter under which David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer, which is witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[303]. From the names of the earls of Fife and Angus, it is unlikely that this document can be dated to before 1135 at the earliest. If that is correct, it is evidently impossible from a chronological point of view that Maelmuire could have been the son of King Duncan I.]

MALCOLM III 1058-1093, DUNCAN II 1094, EDMUND 1094-1097, EDGAR 1097-1107, ALEXANDER 1 1107-1124

MALCOLM, son of DUNCAN I King of Scotland & his wife [Sibylla of Northumbria] (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093[304], bur Tynemouth St Albans[305], transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[306], transferred again to Escorial, Madrid). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum names "Malcolaim filii Donnchada" in one of its lists[307]. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[308]. [Florence of Worcester records that "dux Northhymbrorum Siwardus" defeated "rege Scottorum Macbeotha" in battle, dated to 1054, and installed "Malcolmum regis Cumbrorum filium" in his place[309]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[310]. It is not clear that these two accounts refer to the future King Malcolm III: it is uncertain why King Malcolm would be called "regis Cumbrorum filium".] The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[311]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[312]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, crowned 25 Apr 1058 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. Duncan cites sources which demonstrate that this nickname was first applied to King Malcolm III in the 13th century[313]. He suggests[314] that it was originally applied to King Malcolm IV who, he asserts, suffered from Paget's disease, involving a deformation of the bones particularly observable in the skull, and was later misapplied to King Malcolm III. King Malcolm supported the claim to the English crown of Edgar ætheling, whose sister he had married, and led plundering raids into England. Florence of Worcester records that he did homage to William I King of England at Abernethy in Aug 1072[315]. The same source records that King Malcolm invaded Northumberland in 1091, but did fealty to Willam II King of England after peace was negotiated between the two kings[316]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[317]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed, with his son Edward, by Morael of Bamborough, steward of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, while leading a raid into England[318]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[319].

[m] [firstly] ([before 1058]) ---. The identity of the mother of King Malcolm's sons Duncan and Donald is uncertain. The absence of any reference to her in Scottish sources is best explained if her relationship with the king ended before his accession in 1058. However, this is not totally consistent with the estimated birth dates of her sons as shown below. It should be noted that King Duncan II, in his charter dated 1093, makes no reference to his mother, which implies that his father's relationship with her may have been short-lived and informal. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls´-Mother” (Ingibjörg Finnsdatter, widow of Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, daughter of Finn Arnisson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark]) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[320]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained further below. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail.

m [secondly] (Dunfermline Abbey 1070) MARGARET of England, daughter of EDWARD ætheling of England & his wife Agatha --- ([in Hungary] [1046/53]-Edinburgh Castle 16 Nov 1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, transferred to Escorial, Madrid, her head bur Jesuit College, Douai). Although Margaret's birth is often placed in [1045/46][321], a later birth would be more consistent with the "German" theory of her mother's origin (as discussed in the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS). Margaret's birth as late as 1053 would still be consistent with her having given birth to four children before her daughter Edith/Matilda (later wife of Henry I King of England), whose birth is estimated to have taken place in [1079/80]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Margaret left England with her mother in Summer 1067 and found refuge at the court of Malcolm King of Scotland [322]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitone Eadgaro et matre sua Agatha duabusque sororibus suis Margareta et Christina" left England for Scotland, in a passage which deals with events in mid-1068[323]. Florence of Worcester records that "regina Scottorum Margareta" died from grief after learning of the death of her husband and oldest son[324]. The Annals of Ulster record that "his queen Margaret…died of sorrow for him within nine days" after her husband was killed in battle[325]. She was canonised in 1250, her feast day in Scotland is 16 Nov[326].

King Malcolm III & [his first wife] had [two] children:

1. DUNCAN ([1060/65]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). William of Malmesbury names Duncan as illegitimate son of King Malcolm, when recording that he was knighted by William II King of England[327]. There is no indication of the identity of Duncan's mother, as explained above. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a child when given as a hostage in 1072, which precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate, although there is no indication that he was thereby excluded from succession to the throne. "Dunecanus fili regii Malcolum constans hereditarie rex Scotie" donated property to the monks of St Cuthbert for the souls of his father, "fratri mei, uxore mea et infans mei" (all unnamed), by charter dated 1093, witnessed by "Eadgari, [Etheread], Aceard, Ulf, Malcolub[328], Hormer, Heming, Ælfric, Teodbold, Earnulf"[329]. The copy in Early Scottish Charters lists the witnesses in a different order, and adds "Grentonis…Vinget"[330]. He was given as a hostage to William I King of England at Abernethy in 1072 to guarantee his father's good behaviour[331]. The Annals of Ulster record that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" in 1072[332], which presumably refers to Duncan as any of his half-brothers (if then born) would have been infants at the time. He was kept in Normandy. Florence of Worcester records that Robert III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy released "Ulfam Haroldi quondam regis Anglorum filium, Dunechaldumque regis Scottorum Malcolmi filium" from custody after his father's death in Sep 1087, knighted them and allowed them to leave Normandy[333]. He joined William II King of England and remained at his court in England[334]. Florence of Worcester records that Duncan served in the army of King William II, who supported his bid to depose his uncle, and to whom Duncan swore fealty before leaving for Scotland[335]. He deposed his uncle in 1094 and proclaimed himself DUNCAN II King of Scotland[336]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[337]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[338]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond" in 1094[339]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald"[340]. Florence of Worcester records that "Scotti regem…Dunechan" was killed in [1094][341]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donechat mac Malcolm" was killed "a Malpeder Mackcolm comite de Merns in Monacheden" through the treachery of "Donald mac Donehat"[342]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duncan, King Malcolm´s illegitimate son" was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys…Malpetri, in Scottish, Malpedir, through the wiles of his uncle Donald" as was buried "in the island of Iona"[343]. m ([1090]) ETHELREDA of Northumberland, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl of Northumberland & his wife --- (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[344]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded her nephew “Alanus filius Waldevi”[345]. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda´s first husband and Waltheof her second husband. She married secondly Waltheof. King Duncan II & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM FitzDuncan ([1091/94]-[1153/54]). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records the rebellion of his son "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William[346]. That William was his father's only child is shown by King Duncan's charter dated to 1093 referring to "infans mei". As the actual date of the charter is more likely to be 1094, this leaves little time for the birth of any more children before the king's murder. "…Willelmo nepote comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[347]. Lord of Skipton and Craven, by right of his [second] wife.

- see below, Part C.

2. DONALD ([1060/65]-killed in battle 1085). There is no indication of the name of Donald's mother. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was an adult when killed, and old enough to have had a son himself at that time, but this precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate. The Annals of Ulster record that "Domnall son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland…ended [his] life unhappily" in 1085[348]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had [one possible child]:

a) [LADHMANN (-killed in battle 1116). The Annals of Ulster record that "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray"[349]. It is not known with certainty to whom this refers, but a son of Donald, son of King Malcolm, is the most likely possibility.]

King Malcolm III & his second wife had eight children[350]:

3. EDWARD (-Edwardsisle, near Jedburgh 16 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth St Albans). Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[351]. He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him first of the sons[352]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[353]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, according to "William", "Edmund…was privy to his brother Duncan´s death, having…bargained with his uncle [Donald] for half the kingdom" but was captured and "kept in fetters for ever"[354]. He died from wounds received at the battle of Alnwick during a raid on England led by his father. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[355]. Matthew Paris reports that the remains of "regis Scotorum Malcolmi et Edwardi filii sui" were found at Tynemouth, commenting that both had been killed fighting "Robertus de Mumbrai"[356].

4. EDMUND (-after 1097, bur [Montacute]). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him second of the sons[357]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Edmund "was buried at Montacute in England"[358]. He succeeded in 1094 as EDMUND joint King of Scotland, jointly with his uncle King Donald III "Bane", ruling south of the Forth/Clyde. He was deposed in 1097 by his brother Edgar, and became a monk at Montacute Abbey. Edmund is not mentioned either by Orderic Vitalis in his brief account of the usurpation of King Donald "Bane"[359], or by Florence of Worcester in his account of the deposition of King Donald in 1097[360]. If Edmund was older than his brother Edgar, it is not clear why their uncle Edgar Ætheling, who led the English army which deposed their uncle, would have supported the accession of Edgar in place of Edmund. The Annals of Ulster record that he was involved in the killing of his half-brother King Duncan[361]. William of Malmesbury records that "Edmund was the only degenerate son of Margaret", that he "[partook] in his uncle Donald's crime and…had been accessory to his brother's death", was "doomed to perpetual imprisonment", and "on his near approach of death, ordered himself to be buried in his chains"[362]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records that "Edmundus" was buried "apud Montem Acutum in…cella Cluniacensi"[363].

5. EDGAR ([1074]-[Dundee or Edinburgh Castle] 6 Jan 1107, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him third of the sons[364]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[365]. He succeeded in 1097 as EDGAR King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "clitorem Eadgarum" led an army to Scotland in [1097] to place "consobrinum suum Eadgarum Malcolmi regis filium" on the Scottish throne after expelling "patruo suo Dufenaldo"[366]. The reign of Edgar is ignored by Orderic Vitalis, who says that Alexander succeeded when King Donald was deposed[367]. "Edgarus filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "fratrum meorum Doncani et Edwardi" by charter dated 30 Aug 1095, subscribed by "Egeri regis, Alexandri fratri eius, Manyanium, Agulfi, filii Doncani, Eyluerti, filii Eghe Omani, Uhtredi, filii Magdufe, Constantini, Rodberti de humet, Ætele, A. gulfi, Alimoldi filii sui, David"[368]. The precise dating of this charter and the unusual list of subscribers suggest that it may be spurious. "Edgarus…Rex Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "Malcolmi patris nostri et Margaretæ matris nostræ…ac Edwardi et Duncani fratrum nostrorum" by charter dated 1095[369]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1107 of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[370]. Florence of Worcester records the death "VIII Id Jan" in [1107] of "Eadgarus rex Scottorum"[371]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Edgar mac Malcolm" reigned for 9 years, died "in Dunedin", and was buried "in Dumferline"[372].

6. ALEXANDER ([1077/78]-Stirling Castle 23, 25 or 27 Apr 1124, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fourth of the sons[373]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[374]. Robert of Torigny records that "Alexander frater eius" succeeded in 1107 on the death of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[375]. He succeeded his brother in 1107 as ALEXANDER I "the Fierce" King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "Alexander frater eius" succeeded his brother King Edgar in [1107][376]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VII Kal Mai" [1124] of "Alexander rex Scottorum"[377]. "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey by charter dated to [1114/15], witnessed by "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna"[378]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Alexander" reigned for 17 years and 3 months, died "in Crasleth", and was buried "in Dumferline"[379]. m (before [1114/15]) SIBYL, illegitimate daughter of HENRY I King of England & his mistress [---/Sibyl Corbet] (-Island of the Women, Loch Tay, Perthshire 12/13 Jul 1122, bur Island of the Women, Loch Tay). William of Malmesbury records the marriage of Alexander to the unnamed illegitimate daughter of King Henry, but adds "there was…some defect about the lady either in correctness of manners or elegance of person"[380], which appears to imply mental retardation. "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey by charter dated to [1114/15][381]. Her name is confirmed by various charters, including the charter dated to [1120] under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum filius Regis Malcolmi et Reginæ Margaretæ et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Angliæ" made grants[382]. Considering the date of her marriage, it is unlikely that she was born much later than [1095]. The Complete Peerage[383] suggests that she was the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, both because of her name and also because of the possible co-identity between "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…", who witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[384], and "…Willielmo fratre meo…" who witnessed the charter dated to [1163/75] under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ"[385]. However, this co-identity is not ideal from a chronological point of view. William, brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall, died after 1187. If he was the same person as the brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland, he could only have been a child when he subscribed the Scottish charters in which he is named. In addition, as noted in the document ENGLAND KINGS, it is possible that William, brother of Earl Renaud, may have been his uterine brother, in which case it is unlikely that he would have been chosen to accompany the queen to Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY). This means that he could only have been Sibyl´s half-brother if she had been a young girl at the time of her marriage. On the other hand, "Robert Corbet" witnessed charters in Scotland which are dated to late in the reign of King Alexander and the early years of the reign of his brother King David (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY). If Robert Corbet was Queen Sibyl´s maternal grandfather or her maternal uncle, this could account for his presence at the Scottish court at the time. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death in 1122 "apud Lochtay cellam canonicorum de Scona" of "Sibilla…regine Scocie uxor regis Alexandri, filia Henrici Beuclerk regis Anglie"[386]. King Alexander I had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

a) MALCOLM ([1105/15]-after 1158). Orderic Vitalis names Malcolm as bastard son of King Alexander[387]. Robert of Torigny records that "Aragois comes Morefie cum Melcolmo notho filio Alexandri fratri regis David" invaded Scotland in 1130[388]. same person as …? MALCOLM MacHeth (-23 Oct 1168[389]). Duncan suggests that Malcolm, son of King Alexander I, and Malcolm MacHeth were two different persons, the latter being the son of "Aed" or "Heth" who witnessed two charters in the early years of the reign of King David I[390]. He was reconciled with King Malcolm IV in 1157. Malcolm MacHeth was created Earl of Ross in 1162 or before[391].

- EARLS of ROSS.

7. ETHELRED (-before [1107], bur [St Andrew´s Church, Kilremont]). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fifth of the sons[392]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Ethelred "as some assert…lies buried in St Andrew´s church at Kilremont"[393]. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. "Edelradus…filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiæ Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf" made donations to the Keledei of Loch Leven by undated charter, witnessed by "duo fratres Hedelradi…David et Alexander…Constantini comitis de Fyf et Nesse et Cormac filii Macbeath et Malnethte filii Beollani sacerdotum de Abyrnethyn et Mallebride alterius sacerdotis"[394].

8. EADGYTH (1079-1 Jun 1118). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Eadgyth and her sister Mary to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[395]. Florence of Worcester records the marriage of King Henry and "regis Scottorum Malcolmi et Margaretæ reginæ filiam Mahtildem" and her coronation as queen in a passage dealing with events in late 1100[396]. She adopted the name MATILDA on her marriage. Crowned Queen Consort of England 11 or 14 Nov 1100. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "Kal Mai" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[397]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "Kal Mai " at Westminster of "Mahthildis regina Anglorum", and her burial at Westminster Abbey[398]. m (11 Nov 1100) as his first wife, HENRY I "Beauclerc" King of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire).

9. DAVID ([1080]-Carlisle 24 May 1153, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him as the sixth son of his parents[399]. He succeeded his brother in 1124 as DAVID I King of Scotland.

- see below.

10. MARY (-31 May 1116 or 18 Apr 1118, bur Bermondsey Priory). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Mary and her sister Eadgyth to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[400]. Florence of Worcester records that Henry I King of England arranged the marriage of "Mariam reginæ sororem" and "Eustatio Bononensium comiti" in [1102][401]. Her marriage is also recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her daughter[402]. The Genealogica comitum Buloniensium records that "Eustachius, frater Balduini regis Iheruslame" married "Mariam filiam regis Scotiæ"[403]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records the death "II Kal Jun" in 1116 of "Maria…comitissa" and her burial "apud Bermundseiam"[404]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Mary countess of Bouillon" died in "the third year before her sister´s death"[405]. m (1102) EUSTACHE [III] Comte de Boulogne, son of EUSTACHE [II] "Gernobadatus" Comte de Boulogne and Lens & his second wife Ida of Lotharingia (-after 1125).

The precise relationship of the following person to the Scottish royal family has not yet been ascertained.

1. ALEXANDER (-after [1120]). "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[406]. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[407]. Duncan suggests that the entry is an error for William and that his position in the witness list indicates that he may then have been intended by the king as his successor[408]. However, the fact that Alexander also witnessed the [1114/15] Scone charter (see above) indicates that he was a separate person (unless of course the subscription list was copied from one charter to the other).

DAVID I 1124-1153

DAVID, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his wife Margaret of England ([1080]-Carlisle 24 May 1153, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him as the sixth son of his parents[409]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[410]. He was designated Prince of Cumbria in [1107][411]. "David comes" made donations to the monks of Durham by undated charter which names "frater meus Eadgarus rex", witnessed by "Mathildis Reginæ et Willelmi filii sui"[412], presumably referring to his sister Matilda Queen of England which dates the document to before Jun 1118. Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, de iure uxoris. "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk by charter dated to [1120], witnessed by "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…"[413]. "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1119/24] witnessed by "Matilda comitissa, Henrico filio comitis…Willo nepote comitis…"[414]. Inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concern land owned by the church of Glasgow[415]. He succeeded his brother in 1124 as DAVID I King of Scotland. Having at first supported Empress Matilda's right to succeed her father Henry I King of England, he made peace with King Stephen, agreeing in 1136 to resign his English earldoms to his son Henry[416]. The peace was short-lived, King David being defeated by King Stephen at the battle of the Standard 22 Aug 1138. "Rex Scottorum" (no name) donated "terram de Eldune…Dernewic" to Melrose abbey, for the souls of "fratris mei Ædgari et alios fratrem et sororis mearum et uxoris mee Matild et…Henrici filii mei", by charter dated "die Venis crastino Ascensionis dni…quo Stephanus rex Anglie captus est" (29 Apr 1141)[417]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1153 of "David rex Scotiæ"[418]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "David" reigned for 29 years and 3 months, died "in Carlelle", and was buried "in Dumfermline"[419]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death "IX Kal Jun" in 1153 of King David[420]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "IX Kal Jun" in 1153 of "rex…sanctus David junior filius Malcolmi et S. Margaretæ Scotorum reginæ" and his burial at Dunfermline[421].

m (1113) as her second husband, MATILDA [Maud] of Huntingdon, widow of SIMON de St Lis Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, daughter of WALTHEOF Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton & his wife Judith de Lens [Boulogne] ([1071/76]-[23 Apr 1130/22 Apr 1131], bur Scone Abbey, Perthshire). Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland records the marriage of Matilda eldest daughter of Judith and "Earl Simon[422]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that the eldest of the three daughters of Waltheof & his wife married "Simon de Senlis" and later "David frère de la seconde Mathilde reine des Anglais"[423]. Her parents are named by Orderic Vitalis[424]. Robert of Torigny records that the wife of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" was "filiam Gallevi comitis et Judith consobrini regis", naming "Symon Silvanectensis comes" as her first husband[425]. "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[426]. "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1119/24] witnessed by "Matilda comitissa, Henrico filio comitis…Willo nepote comitis…"[427]. "Matildis comitissa…" witnessed inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow[428].

King David & his wife had [five] children:

1. MALCOLM ([1114]-[1116/17]). His parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that he was the first-born child but does not name him, and says that he was "cruelly murdered by the iron fingers of a certain wretched clerk" when aged two[429]. The primary source which confirms his name has not yet been identified.

2. HENRY ([1115]-12 Jun 1152, bur Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire). Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[430]. He succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon in [Feb 1136], on his father's resignation of the earldom. He was created Earl of Northumberland in 1139.

- see below.

3. CLARICIA (-young). Her parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis [431]. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[432].

4. HODIERNA (-young). Her parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis[433]. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[434].

5. [--- . m ---. [One child]:

a) [ELA . Malcolm IV King of Scotland granted "Scradimigglock et Falecklen et Radhulit et Strathbranen et totam firmam meam de Cattel…in maritagium" to "Duncano comiti et heredi suo qui de uxore sua Ada nepte mea nasceretur" by charter dated 1160 ("anno septimo regni regis")[435]. King Malcolm was too young to have had a niece who married around the date of this charter. However, it is possible that "nepte" should be interpreted more loosely in this document and that the bride was a more remote relative of the king, maybe his first cousin, daughter of an otherwise unrecorded paternal uncle or aunt. The following charters demonstrate that the wife of Earl Duncan was named Ela not Ada, presumably indicating a mistranscription in the reproduction of the 1160 charter. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[436]. "Ada comitissa mater regis Scottorum" donated "toftum in burgo meo de Hadintuna" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "Henrici comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Hela comitissa de Fif…"[437]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[438]. m ([1159/60]) DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife --- (-[Aug/Dec] 1203).]

MALCOLM IV 1153-1165

HENRY of Scotland, son of DAVID I King of Scotland & his wife Matilda [Maud] of Huntingdon ([1115]-12 Jun 1152, bur Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire). His parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis[439]. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[440]. "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[441]. "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1119/24] witnessed by "Matilda comitissa, Henrico filio comitis…Willo nepote comitis…"[442]. He succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon in [Feb 1136], on his father's resignation of the earldom. He was created Earl of Northumberland in 1139 by King Stephen as part of the peace settlement which followed the battle of the Standard. He remained at the court of King Stephen for some time[443]. Robert of Torigny records that "Henricus filius eius" died the year before "David rex Scotiæ"[444].

m (1139[445]) ADA de Warenne, daughter of WILLIAM de Warenne Earl of Surrey & his wife Isabelle de Vermandois (-1178). She is named by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her father[446]. Robert of Torigny refers to the wife of "Henricus filius eius [David rex Scotiæ]" as "filia Willermi comitis de Warenna, sorore uterine Gualeranni comitis Mellenti"[447]. "Ada comitissa mater regis Scottorum" donated "toftum in burgo meo de Hadintuna" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "Henrici comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Hela comitissa de Fif…"[448]. "Ada comitissa mater regis Scot" donated "unam marcham argenti", from "Malisus de Pethmolin", to St Andrew´s priory for lighting the church, for the soul of "comitis Henrici sponsi mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Hug Giff, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hug de Baiol…Willo Giff…"[449]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[450]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death in 1178 of Ctss Ada[451].

Earl Henry & his wife had six children:

1. MALCOLM (20 Mar 1142[452]-Jedburgh Castle 9 Dec 1165, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[453]). William of Newburgh names "Malcolmum filii primogenitum" of Earl Henry[454]. Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[455]. He succeeded his grandfather in 1153 as MALCOLM IV “the Maiden” King of Scotland, crowned soon after at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. He resigned his right to the earldoms of Northumberland and Cumberland in 1157, and was confirmed as Earl of Huntingdon by Henry II King of England[456]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Malcolm filius Henrici filii David" reigned for 12 years, 6 months and 20 days, died "apud Jedwarth", and was buried "Dumfermline"[457]. King Malcolm had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

a) son (-before 1165, bur Inverlethan). King Malcolm IV granted privileges to the church of Inverlethan in which "corpore filii mei" passed its first night after he died, by undated charter[458].

2. WILLIAM (1143-Stirling 4 Dec 1214, bur Arbroath Abbey). Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[459]. He succeeded his brother in 1165 as WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland.

- see below.

3. MARGARET ([1144/45]-1201, bur Sawtrey Abbey). Her origin and first marriage are deduced from Benedict of Peterborough who records that "filia sororis regis Scotiæ Willelmi comitissa Brittaniæ" gave birth in 1186 to "filium…Arturum"[460]. Her birth date is estimated from the Rotuli de Dominabus of 1185 which records property “villam de Wissinton” held by “Margareta comitissa…xl annorum”, adding that “comes Britannie habet filiam suam” and that she has “i filium de Humfrido de Buun qui est infra etatem”[461]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1160 of "Malcolm king of Scotland…his sister Margaret to Conan duke of Brittany"[462]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Conanus filius Alani" married "Margaretam sororem Willielmi Regis Scotie"[463]. "Conan dux Britannie comes Richmundie" confirmed the donation of Plubihan and Plougasnou to Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter to [1156/69], witnessed by "Margarita comitissa, Willelmo filio Hamon, Alano de Rohan, Constancia sorore comitis…"[464]. A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey records that “dominus Humfridus quartus de Bohun, comes Herefordiæ et constabularius Angliæ” married “Margaretam comitissam Britanniæ”[465]. [Two possibilities have been proposed for a third marriage of Margaret. Firstly, Evans suggests that she was the second marriage of Pedro de Lara, quoting a charter dated "X Kal Feb 1221" (Spanish Era = A. D. 23 Jan 1183) at Anjou which records a donation by "P…comes de Lara…comitisse Marger´ uxori mee consanguinee H...angl´ regis" of "Molmera et Handaluz et Agusinu et Eles et Pulucranke…in Hyspania" to Llanthony abbey, witnessed by "comes Gaufredus Britannie, J. sine terra, J. comes J, Mauricius de Creon senescallus Andeg, J. Didaci comitis"[466]. He points out that Llanthony had been founded in 1136 by Miles of Gloucester, whose eldest daughter married Humphrey de Bohun, who was the father of Margaret´s second husband[467]. If this origin is correct, Pedro´s marriage to Margaret was presumably terminated before her death, given his third marriage. The difficulty with Evans´s proposal is the obvious age difference between Pedro de Lara and Margaret of Scotland. Another possibility, which also justifies the connection with Llanthony through the Bohun family and is more satisfactory from a chronological point of view, is that Pedro´s second wife was an otherwise unrecorded daughter of Margaret´s. The second possibility for a third marriage for Margaret with "the Berwickshire thegn" William FitzPatrick of Greenlaw, Westmoreland was proposed by Washington[468], and accepted by Hedley[469]. The Liber de S. Marie de Calchou (Kelso abbey) lists "Carta Willi fil Patric…in villa de Grenlaw" which records the donation by "M comitisse uxoris mee" to Kelso of land "in Grenelawe quem Lyolfus eq´cius tenuit"[470], while the Pipe Roll of 1184 for Westmoreland records lands owned by "Countess Margaret"[471]. Washington assigns three children to this marriage: "1. Walter de Washington, 2. Sir William de Washington, 3. Marjory who married firstly David de Lindsay (from which marriage descended Sir Robert de Pinkney, a competitor for the Scottish crown in 1291) and secondly Sir Malcolm FitzWaldeve alias de Ingoe".] The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Margareta mater…Constantiæ, soror Willelmi regis Scotiæ, mater Henrici de Boum comitis Herefordiæ”[472]. m firstly (1160) CONAN IV "le Petit" Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, son of ALAIN Earl of Richmond & his wife Berthe heiress of Brittany ([1138]-20 Feb 1171). m secondly (1171 before Easter) HUMPHREY de Bohun, son of HUMPHREY de Bohun & his wife Margaret of Hereford (-[1181]). Hereditary Constable of England. [Two possible alternatives for her third marriage: (1) m thirdly as his second wife, conde don PEDRO Manrique de Lara Vicomte de Narbonne, son of conde don MANRIQUE Pérez de Lara & his wife Ermesinde Ctss de Narbonne (-Jan 1202, bur Santa María de Huerta). (2) m thirdly WILLIAM FitzPatrick alias de Hertburn, alias de Washington, of Greenlaw, Westmoreland, son of --- (-after 1184).]

4. DAVID ([1144]-Yardley, Northants 17 Jun 1219, bur Sawtrey Abbey). William of Newburgh names "Hunteduniensem comitem David fratrem regis Scottorum" when recording that he became the leader of a rebellion in England [in 1174][473]. He received Garioch in Aberdeenshire from his brother in 1174, possibly becoming Earl of Garrioch, although there is no evidence of this creation[474]. Earl of Huntingdon in 1185, on the resignation of his brother King William. "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "comitis Henrici patris mei et comitisse Ade matris mee…regis Willelmi fratris mei et regine Ermegard et…Matilde comitisse sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter (dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers)[475]. "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" donated "ecclesiam de Lundors…ecclesiam de Dunde…ecclesiam de Durnach" to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "comitis Henrici patris mei et comitisse matris mee et Malcolmi regis fratris mei et…regis Willelmi fratris mei et Regine Armengard…et Matildis sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter[476]. He was deprived of all his English honours in [1215/16], but restored 13 Mar 1218[477]. The Annals of Waverley record the death in 1219 of “comes David, frater Willelmi regis Scotiæ”[478]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "apud Jerdelay in Anglia…die…Sancti Botulphi" of "comes David" and his burial "apud abbatiam de Sautreia"[479]. [m firstly ---. No direct evidence has been of this supposed first marriage of David. However, the date of David´s marriage to Matilda of Chester is late for this to have been his first marriage. In addition, his foundation charter for Lindores abbey refers to the donation of his daughter Ada, who was already married at the time and therefore considerably older than David´s children by his marriage to Matilda. Secondary sources generally assume that Ada was illegitimate. However, it is possibly that she was the daughter of an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage of David, especially as she was given his mother´s name.] m [secondly] (26 Aug 1190[480]) MATILDA [Maud] of Chester, daughter of HUGH de Kevilloc Earl of Chester & his wife Bertrade de Montfort (1171-6 Jan 1233). The Annales Londonienses record that "Ranulphus comes Cestriæ" had four sisters, of whom "primogenita…Matilda" married "comiti David"[481]. Benedict of Peterborough records the marriage in 1190 of "David frater Willelmi regis Scotiæ" and "sororem Ranulfi comitem Cestriæ"[482]. "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "…Matilde comitisse sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter (dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers)[483]. "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" donated "ecclesiam de Lundors…ecclesiam de Dunde…ecclesiam de Durnach" to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "…Matildis sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter[484]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "comes Cestrie" gave land "in Forthington et in Ulesbi" in Lincolnshire to "comiti Davidi in maritagium cum sorore ipsius comitis"[485]. Mistresses (1) - (5): ---. The names of David's mistresses are not known. Earl David & his [first wife] had one child:

a) ADA . The undated charter, dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers, under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey refers to land "in villa de Neutile" donated by "Ada filia mea, uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth"[486]. As noted above, secondary sources mostly show Ada as David´s illegitimate daughter. The fact that she was given his mother´s name may indicate that she was legitimate, born from a possible first marriage. "Malisius filius comitis Fertheth frater comitis Gilberti de Strathern" donated "Rathangothen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee filie comitis David", by undated charter, witnessed by "Waltero Olifard, David de Lindeseia…David Olifard…"[487]. "Ada filia comitis David uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth" donated land "in villa de Balemagh" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter[488]. m MALISE, son of FERTETH [Ferquhard] Earl of Strathearn & his wife Ethen --- ([after 1150]-).

Earl David & his [first/second] wife had one child:

b) DAVID (-after [1200]). "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "…Matilde comitisse sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter (dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers)[489]. "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" donated "ecclesiam de Lundors…ecclesiam de Dunde…ecclesiam de Durnach" to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "…Matildis sponse mee et…David filii mei", by undated charter[490].

Earl David & his [second] wife had [eight] children:

c) ROBERT (-young, bur Lindores Abbey, Fife). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Robertum…et Henricum necnon Johannem" as the three sons of "David, rex quondam Willelmus frater" and his wife "Matildem filiam Hugonis…comitis quondam de Cestria", adding that Robert died "immatura" and was buried "apud abbatiam de Lundoris"[491].

d) MARGARET ([1194]-[after 6 Jan 1233]). The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1209 of "Alan FitzRoland" and "the daughter of earl David, the brother of the king of Scotland"[492]. The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la primere fille Davi" and "Aleyn de Gavei"[493]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the marriage in 1208 "apud Dunde" of "Alanus magnus de Galweyia, filius Rotholandi" and "Margaretam filiam David comitis de Huntingtona"[494]. The primary source which confirms her appearance in Jan 1233 has not been identified. The date is inconsistent with Alan´s subsequent marital history, unless his marriage to Margaret was dissolved. m (Dundee 1209) as his [third] wife, ALAN Lord of Galloway, son of ROLAND Lord of Galloway & his wife Helen de Moreville (-[2] Feb 1234, bur Dundraynan). Constable of Scotland.

i) other children: LORDS of GALLOWAY.

ii) DEVORGUILLA of Galloway ([1218]-28 Jan 1290, bur Sweetheart Abbey, Kirkland). The Annales Londonienses name "Devorgoille de Baillol" as second of the three daughters of "la primere fille Davi" and "Aleyn de Gavei"[495]. According to the Chronicle of Melrose[496], Devorguilla was second daughter of Alan of Galloway, when recording her marriage in 1233 to "John de Baylol". The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Diuorgilla filia Alani domini de Galwidia" founded "monasterium Dulcicordis ordinis Cisterciensis et fratrum minorum de Dundee"[497]. m ([1233]) Sir JOHN de Balliol of Barnard Castle, co Durham, son of HUGH Balliol [Bailleul] of Barnard Castle & his wife Cecilia de Fontaines (-before 24 Oct 1268 or 1269).

- see below, Chapter 3. KINGS OF SCOTLAND, HOUSE of BALLIOL.

e) HENRY (-after 1215, bur Lindores Abbey, Fife). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Robertum…et Henricum necnon Johannem" as the three sons of "David, rex quondam Willelmus frater" and his wife "Matildem filiam Hugonis…comitis quondam de Cestria"[498]. His father offered 1,000 marks for Henry's marriage with Maud de Cauz in 1203, but the marriage did not take place[499].

f) ISABEL (1206-1251, bur Saltre Abbey, near Stilton, Gloucs). The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la secounde fille Davi" and "sire Robert de Brus"[500]. She was granted the manors of Writtle and Hatfield, Essex, 16 Oct 1241 in return for her share of the inheritance of her brother John Earl of Chester. m ROBERT [IV] de Brus “the Noble” Lord of Annandale, son of WILLIAM de Brus & his wife Christina --- (-1245).

- see below, Chapter 4. KINGS OF SCOTLAND, HOUSE of BRUCE.

g) JOHN "the Scot" ([1207]-Darnhall, Cheshire shortly before 6 Jun 1237, bur Chester, Abbey of St Werburg[501]). The Annales Londonienses name "Johannem" as the son of "comiti David" & his wife[502]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Robertum…et Henricum necnon Johannem Scotum ab Anglis vocitatum" as the three sons of "David, rex quondam Willelmus frater" and his wife "Matildem filiam Hugonis…comitis quondam de Cestria", adding that John succeeded his father and also succeeded "Ranulpho…ad comitatum Cestriæ"[503]. He succeeded his father in 1219 as Earl of Huntingdon and Garioch. "Johannes de Scocia comes Huntedun" donated "terram…de Lundors" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, subscribed by "Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…"[504]. He was created Earl of Chester 21 Nov 1232, in succession to his maternal uncle. Matthew Paris records that it was suspected that his wife "filia Leolini" poisoned John “the Scot”[505]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "Johannes comes Cestriæ gener suus [dominæ Johannæ filiæ regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ]"[506]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “V Id Jan” in 1237 of “Johannes de Scotia comes Cestriæ”[507]. m ([1220/22]) as her first wife, HELEN of Wales, daughter of LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of Wales & his second wife Joan [illegitimate daughter of John King of England] (-1253 before 24 Oct). The Annals of Dunstable record that “Johannes comes Cestriæ” died in 1237 and “eius uxor…filia Lewelini” married “Roberto [de Quinci]” against her father´s wishes[508]. She married secondly (1237 before 5 Dec) Robert de Quincy. A writ after the death of "Eleanor, sometime the wife of John Earl of Chester", dated "the eve of St Martin 38 Hen III", records the "partition of her lands between Si J. de Bayllol, Robert de Brus, and Henry de Hasting, the heirs of the said earl"[509].

h) MATILDA [Maud] . The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David"[510]. 1239.

i) ADA (-after 1241). The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la tierce fille Davi" and "sire Henri de Hastinges"[511]. m (before 7 Jun 1237) Sir HENRY de Hastings, of Ashill in Norfolk, son of WILLIAM de Hastings & his first wife Margery Bigod of Norfolk (-before 9 Aug 1250).

Earl David had four illegitimate children by Mistresses (1) - (5):

j) WILLIAM . "Walkelino filio Stephani, Willo Wacelin Henr et Henrico fil meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scotorum" donated "elemosinam totum Kanum et Kuneueth" to St Andrew´s priory[512].

k) WALKELIN . "Walkelino filio Stephani, Willo Wacelin Henr et Henrico fil meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scotorum" donated "elemosinam totum Kanum et Kuneueth" to St Andrew´s priory[513].

l) HENRY of Stirling (-after 12 Feb 1236). "Walkelino filio Stephani, Willo Wacelin Henr et Henrico fil meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scotorum" donated "elemosinam totum Kanum et Kuneueth" to St Andrew´s priory[514]. "…Henrico filio comitis…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[515]. It is unlikely that Henry was legitimate as, unlike his [half-brother] David, he is not named as a beneficiary of the foundation in the body of the charter. Henry is also named well down the list of subscribers to the document, indicating an inferior position relative to the other subscribers. "…Waltero Olifard, Henrico filio comitis David…" subscribed the undated charter under which "comes David frater regis Scottorum" donated "totam terram de Perthegus…et…terre in Pethannot" to Lindores Abbey[516]. "…duobus Henricis filiis comitis…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scocie" donated "Culsamuel et…Munkegyn" to Lindores Abbey[517]. "Johannes de Scocia comes Huntedun" donated "terram…de Lundors" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, subscribed by "Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…"[518]. "Henricus de Brechyn filius comitis Dauid" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "Juliane sponse mee et Willelmi filii mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "Domino Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…Willelmo filio meo…"[519]. "…Henrico de Strivelin filio comitis David…" subscribed the charter dated 12 Feb 1236 under which Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to Kinloss[520].

m) HENRY of Brechin (-[1244/Aug 1245]). "Walkelino filio Stephani, Willo Wacelin Henr et Henrico fil meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scotorum" donated "elemosinam totum Kanum et Kuneueth" to St Andrew´s priory[521]. "…duobus Henricis filiis comitis…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scocie" donated "Culsamuel et…Munkegyn" to Lindores Abbey[522]. "Henricus de Brechyn filius comitis Dauid" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "Juliane sponse mee et Willelmi filii mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "Domino Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…Willelmo filio meo…"[523]. He swore to aid King Alexander II to keep the 1237 truce with England in 1244[524]. m JULIANA de Cornhill, daughter of RALPH de Cornhill & his wife ---. "Henricus de Brechyn filius comitis Dauid" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "Juliane sponse mee et Willelmi filii mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "Domino Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…Willelmo filio meo…"[525]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Henry & his wife had one child:

i) WILLIAM de Brechin (-before 10 Dec 1292). "Henricus de Brechyn filius comitis Dauid" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "Juliane sponse mee et Willelmi filii mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "Domino Henrico de Striuelin fratre meo…Willelmo filio meo…"[526]. "Willelmus de Brechine filius domine Henrici de Brechin filii comitis David" founded Messyndew, for the souls of "…domini Henrici patris mei et domine Juliane matris mee", by undated charter[527]. m HELEN Comyn, daughter of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quincy (-after 24 Aug 1302). Andrew Wyntoun´s Cronykil records that "Jhon and Alysandyre" had five sisters, the fourth of which married "Schyr Willame off Brechyne" by whom she had "Schyr Dawy"[528]. "Elena relicta quondam domini Willelmi de Brechin, domina de Kyndeloch" donated "tenementum meum de Kyndeloch" to Lindores Abbey by charter dated 24 Aug 1302[529]. William & his wife had one child:

(a) DAVID de Brechin (-executed [Aug] 1320). Balfour Paul says that David is named as son of William de Brechin when Edward I King of England granted his marriage to "Sir John de Callantir" by charter dated 10 Dec 1292, renewed 18 Jun 1294[530]. King Edward granted "terres Aleyn Doreward" to "Domino David de Breghhyn"[531]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Dominus David de Brechin" among those accused of involvement in the plot led by "dominus Willelmus de Sowlis et comitissa de Strathern" and executed[532]. m firstly (after 1298) as her second husband, MARGARET de Bonkyl, widow of Sir JOHN Stewart of Bonkyl, daughter of Sir ALEXANDER Bonkyl of that Ilk & his wife ---. m secondly (before 1314) MARGERY, daughter of ---. David & his first wife had one child:

(1) MARGARET . m ([1315]) Sir DAVID Barclay, son of --- (-murdered Aberdeen 25 Jan 1350).

n) [MARJORY (-[after 1241]). "DD de Lyndes filius DD de Lyndes" donated revenue to Dunfermline abbey with "matri mee" by undated charter witnessed by "domina Margeria de Lyndeseya…"[533]. This document suggests that Marjory lived during the later years of the life of her son David, who died in 1241. "Willelmus de Lyndesay miles filius quondam dni David de Lyndeshay" donated revenue to Newbattle priory, for the souls of "dni David de Lydesay patris mei et Margarete de Lyndesay matris mee", by charter dated 1293[534]. The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by her great grandson "domini Roberti de Pinkeny" name "Margareta" as daughter of "Henr patre Regis Willi" but do not name her husband[535]. If the hypothesis about Marjory´s date of death is correct, this alleged parentage is impossible from a chronological point of view. Balfour Paul suggests that she may have the daughter of one of the sons of David Earl of Huntingdon who are named Henry[536]. However, this suggestion appears to place her birth somewhat late, considering that her son David was married when he died in 1241. She is shown here as the possible daughter of David Earl of Huntingdon, but that is only a suggestion. m DAVID de Lindsay, son of WILLIAM de Lindsay & his wife --- (-after 12 Nov 1246).]

5. ADA ([1146/48]-11 Jan after 1205, bur Middleburg Monastery). The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1162 of "Malcolm king of Scotland…his second sister Ada to Florence earl of Hoilande"[537]. Her birth date is estimated assuming that she was the second daughter of Earl Henry, and bearing in mind the estimated birth dates of his other children as shown above. The Annales Egmundani record the marriage in 1162 of "Florentius comes Hollandiæ" and "sororem Regis Scottorum…Ada"[538]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the marriage of Count Floris III and "Adam filiam Henrici prepotentis regis Scottorum"[539]. "Florentius tertius…comes Hollandie" donated the church of Vlaardingen, held by "patris mei Theoderici", to Egmond abbey by charter dated 28 Aug 1162, the dating clause of which refers to "anno primo…matrimonii nostri quo sororem regis Scotie Ade duxit uxorem"[540]. "Theodericus Hollandie comes…comitis Florentii et Ade comitisse filius" donated property at Poeldijk bij Naaldwijk to the church of St Maria, Utrecht by charter dated 1198, in the presence of "Ada mater mea, Willelmus frater meus comes Frisie, Margareta soror mea, Florentius frater meus…"[541]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the death "III Id Ian" of "Ada quidam Hollandie comitissa regie stirpis" and her burial in Middleburg monastery[542]. Beke's Egmondsch Necrologium records the death "Id Jan" of "Ada comitissa filia Heynrici regis Scothorum"[543]. m (1162, before 28 Aug[544]) FLORIS III Count of Holland, son of DIRK VI Count of Holland & his wife Sophie von Rheineck ([1140]-Tyre 1 Aug 1190). He was created Earl of Ross in 1162 by his brother-in-law Malcolm IV King of Scotland but the earldom was withdrawn from him[545].

6. MATILDA (-1152). The death of Matilda, daughter of Henry Earl of Northumberland, is recorded in the Chronicle of Melrose and by Roger of Hoveden, in the same year that her father died[546].

WILLIAM I 1165-1214

WILLIAM, son of HENRY of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland & his wife Ada de Warenne (1143-Stirling 4 Dec 1214, bur Arbroath Abbey). Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[547]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth of "William king of Scotland" in 1143[548]. William of Newburgh names "fratri eius [Malcolmum filii primogenitum] Wilelmo" when recording his succession as Earl of Northumberland on the death of his father[549]. He succeeded his father in 1152 as Earl of Northumberland, his older brother surrendering the earldom in 1157 on his behalf. He succeeded his brother in 1165 as WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland, and as Earl of Huntingdon. Although Henry II King of England recognised his succession to the earldom of Huntingdon, he refused to grant William the earldom of Northumberland. King William made unsuccessful attempts to regain Northumberland, including joining forces with King Henry's son Henry for an unsuccessful invasion which ended with his defeat and capture at Alnwick 12 Jul 1174, and the confiscation of the earldom of Huntingdon. King Henry re-granted Huntingdon to him in 1185, but King William immediately resigned it in favour of his brother David[550]. In 1189, he contributed £10,000 to Richard I King of England in answer to an appeal for funds to finance the crusade to relieve Jerusalem, in return for release from his allegiance to the English crown and the restoration of the towns of Berwick and Roxburgh[551]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Willielmus" died aged 52 "in Stirlin", and was buried "in Aberbrothock"[552].

Betrothed (1184) to MATHILDE [née Richenza] von Sachsen, daughter of HEINRICH "der Löwe" ex-Duke of Saxony and Bavaria & his second wife Matilda of England (1172-13 Jan [1209/10]). Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Willelmus rex Scotiæ" and "Matildem filiam Matildis ducissa Saxoniæ"[553]. This betrothal was not pursued as the Pope refused a dispensation for the marriage on grounds of consanguinity[554].

m (Woodstock Palace, Oxford 5 Sep 1186) ERMENGARDE de Beaumont, daughter of RICHARD [I] Vicomte de Beaumont-sur-Sarthe et du Maine & his wife Lucie de Laigle (-11 Feb 1233, bur Balmerino Abbey, Fife[555]). Benedict of Peterborough records that "Ricardus vicecomes de Bellomonte et uxor sua…filiam" brought their daughter to be married to "Willelmo regis Scotiæ" at "Wdestoke Non Sep…1186"[556]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1186 of "William king of the Scots" and "a relation of Henry king of England…Ermengarda …daughter of the count of Beaumont who was the son of the daughter of the elder son of William the Bastard"[557]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death of "Queen Ermengarde" in 1233 and her burial at "the abbey of St Edward of Balmurinath"[558]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death "III Id Feb", 47 years after her marriage, of "Edmergerda regina Scocia" and her burial "apud Balmurynot" which she had founded[559].

Mistress (1): --- Avenell, daughter of ROBERT Avenell & his wife ---. The Chronicle of Melrose refers to "the daughter of Robert Avenal" as the mother of King William's daughter Isabel[560].

Mistress (2): ---. The name of William's second mistress is not known.

Mistress (3): --- de Hythus, daughter of ADAM de Hythus & his wife ---. The Chronicle of Melrose refers to "the daughter of Adam de Hythusum" as the mother of King William's [illegitimate] daughter Margaret[561].

Mistresses (4) - (9): ---. The names of William's other mistresses are not known.

King William & his wife had four children:

1. MARGARET (1193-1259, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). The Annales Londonienses record the marriage in 1221 of "Hubertus de Burgo, justiciarius Angliæ" and "sororem regis Scotiæ apud Sanctum Trinitatum Londoniis"[562]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the marriage "in die Sancti Petri ad vincula apud Bereuicum" of "Marioriam sororem suam Alexander rex" and "comiti de Pendburghe, marescallo Anglie"[563]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Hubertus de Burgo justiciarius Angliæ” divorced his third wife in 1232, because she was “consanguinea” of his second wife “comitissæ Gloverniæ”, in a prolonged and difficult lawsuit[564]. [565]Betrothed (1219) THIBAUT IV Comte de Champagne, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Champagne & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Pamplona 3 May 1201-Pamplona 8 Jul 1253, bur Pamplona). m (Berwick 1 Aug or York Jun 1221, divorced 1232) as his third wife, HUBERT de Burgh, son of --- & his wife Alice --- (-Banstead, Surrey 12 May 1243, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). He was created Earl of Kent in 1227.

2. ALEXANDER (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Ohan 8 Jul 1249, bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "the day of St Bartholomew the Apostle" in 1198 of "Alexander the son of William king of the Scots"[566]. He succeeded his father in 1214 as ALEXANDER II King of Scotland.

- see below.

3. ISABEL (-after 1253, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). Henry III King of England granted property to "Isabelle soori A. regis Scottorum" on her marriage to "Rogero filio et heredi H. le Bigod comitis Norfolkie" dated 11 May 1225[567]. An order dated 20 May 1225 refers to the marriage of "Rogerum fil et heredem H. com le Bigod" and "Isab sorore reg Scot"[568]. She is called "filiam regis Scotiæ" (but not named) by Matthew Paris when he records her husband's resumption of their marriage [569]. She appears to have been living in Gloucestershire in Oct 1263. m (Alnwick May 1225, repudiated 1245 on grounds of consanguinity, but compelled by ecclesiastical sentence to take her back 1253[570]) ROGER Bigod Earl of Norfolk, son of HUGH Bigod Earl of Norfolk & his wife Maud Marshal of Pembroke ([1212/13]-3/4 Jul 1270, bur 10 Jul Thetford). No issue.

4. MARJORY (-17 Nov 1244, bur London, Church of the Preaching Friars572). The Annales Cambriæ record that "Gilbertus Marescallus" married "sororem regis Scotiæ" in 1235[571]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “circa Assumptionis beatæ Virginis” in 1235 of “Margata soror regis Scotiæ” and “G. Marscallo”[572]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Gilebertus Marscallus” married “Margaretam, sororem regis Scotiæ” in 1235, her dowry being 10,000 marcs[573]. Matthew Paris records her death, when he names her "Margareta soror regis Scotiæ…relicta Gileberti comitis Marescalli"[574]. m (Berwick 1 Aug 1235[575]) GILBERT Marshall Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel Ctss of Pembroke (-Hertford Priory 27 Jun 1241, bur New Temple Church, London). He died after falling from his horse during a tournament[576]. No children.

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

5. ISABEL . The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1183 of "William king of the Scots…his daughter Isabella" and "Robert de Brus"[577]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1191 of "the king of Scots…his daughter Ysembel (the widow of Robert de Brus)" and "Robert de Ross" at Haddington[578]. A manuscript narrating the foundation of Rievall Abbey records that “Robertum de Roos dictum Fursan” married “Isabellam filiam regis Scotiæ”, by whom he was father of “Willielmum de Roos et Robertum”, and also lists their descendants[579]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "dominus Willelmus de Ross" claimed the Scottish throne "de legittimacione Ysabellæ antecedentis suæ"[580]. m firstly (1183) ROBERT de Brus Lord of Annandale, son of ROBERT de Brus Lord of Annandale & his wife Euphemia --- (-1191). m secondly (Haddington early 1191) ROBERT de Ros "Furson", son of EVERARD de Ros & his wife Rohese Trussebut ([1172/73]-before 23 Dec 1226). Bailiff of the royal castellany of Bonneville sur Toques in Normandy. Sheriff of Cumberland 1213-1215. He was one of the barons appointed to enforce Magna Carta. He became a Templar, and retired from secular life in 1226[581].

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

6. ADA (-1200). The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1184 of "William king of Scotland…his daughter Ada" and "earl Patrick"[582]. "Ricardus filius Normanni de Leinhal" donated "terram de Scaithemor" to Coldstream, for the souls of "comitis Waldeui et comitisse Alin sponse eius" and for the health of "comitis Patricii…et…comitisse Ade sponse eius", by undated charter, signed by "Dominis Patricio, Johanne et Alexandro filiis nostris…"[583]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1200 of "Ada comitissa filia regis"[584]. m (1184) as his first wife, PATRICK Dunbar, son of WALTHEOF of Dunbar, Earl & his wife Aline --- (1152-31 Dec 1232, bur Eccles, Berwick). He assumed the style Earl of Dunbar from his castle at Dunbar.

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (3):

7. MARGARET . The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1193 of "William king of the Scots…his daughter Margaret" and "Eustace de Vesci" at "Rokesburch"[585]. "Margarita de Vescy filia regis Scottis" donated revenue to Kelso monastery by charter dated to [1207] witnessed by "…Dno Eustachio de Vescy dno meo…"[586]. "Willelmus de Vesci" confirmed the donation of property "in territorio de Lillecliue" made to Melrose abbey by "Margerie matris mee" by undated charter[587]. Henry III King of England granted custody of "Willelmum filium et heredum Eustachii de Vescy" to "Margarete que fuit uxor Eustachii de Vescy" dated 4 Apr 1218[588]. Living 13 Nov 1218, probably living 1226. m (Roxburgh 1193) EUSTACE de Vescy, son of WILLIAM de Vescy & his wife Burga de Stuteville ([1169/71]-killed Barnard Castle Aug 1216).

King William had four illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

8. AUFRICA . The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "Rogeri de Mundeville" name "Austrid" as one of the daughters of King William, adding that she married "in Ulvester cuidam Willo de Say"[589]. The descent which is attributed to her is suspiciously long. If it is accurate, Aufrica must have been born early in her father´s adult life. m WILLIAM de Say, son of GEOFFREY [II] de Say & his first wife --- (-[10 Aug 1197/1 Jan 1198]).

9. ROBERT de Lundon . "Robertus de Lundoniis filius regis Scottorum" donated "toftum in burgo meo de Inuerkaithin" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, dated to before 1219, witnessed by "Comite David fratre regis Scotorum, comite Patricio, William de Lindesei, Willelmo de Haya…"[590]. Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Robertus de Londoniis frater meus" made the priory of the Isle of May by undated charter[591]. "Rob de Lundoniis filius regis Scocie" donated property "de Cadihou" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter[592].

10. HENRY Galithly . The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "Patricii Galightly" name "Henrico" as his father, Henry´s parentage being confirmed because the claimant refers to King Alexander III as "filius patrui sui Alexandro"[593]. No other mention has been found of Henry Galithly in any of the primary sources consulted during the preparation of the present document. If his parentage is correctly attributed, he must have been born late in King William´s life if his own son was a candidate for the throne in 1291. m ---. The name of Henry's wife is not known. Henry & his wife had [two] children:

a) PATRICK Galithly . The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "Patricii Galightly" name "Henrico" as his father, Henry´s parentage being confirmed because the claimant refers to King Alexander III as "filius patrui sui Alexandro"[594]. Claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, seventh in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

b) [HENRY Galithly (-after Aug 1296). The Ragman Roll names "…Henry Galighly of Aberdene…" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed 28 Aug 1296[595].]

11. MARJORY . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by an undated charter under which Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Malcolmus comes de Fyf" of "terras de Petgornoc et de Drundol in Fyf", given by the donor to "Marjerie cognate nostre…quas dominus Willelmus Rex pater noster dedit predicte Marjerie in liberum maritagium", after the death of "dicte Marjorie comitisse", to Balmerino Abbey[596]. m as his [first] wife, MALCOLM Macduff Earl of Fife, son of DUNCAN Earl of Fife & his wife Ela --- (-1228, bur Culross [Kilenross] Abbey).

King William had two further possible illegitimate children by an unknown mistress:

12. [ALEXANDER (-1229). Monk at Fusny. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1229 "apud Fusniacum" of "frater Alexander…filius…regis Scotie et frater Mathildis qui requiescit in villa Lapion"[597]. No other reference has been found to Alexander and his sister Matilda. If they were really children of the king of Scotland, King William "the Lion" is chronologically the only possible father. If this paternity is correct, it is unlikely that they were legitimate.]

13. [MATILDA (-1220, bur Lappion). Nun at Lappion. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1220 of "religiosa et sancta Mathildis de Lapion regis Scotie filia", specifying that she had gone into hiding to escape[598].]

ALEXANDER II 1214-1249, ALEXANDER III 1249-1286, MARGARET 1286-1290

ALEXANDER of Scotland, son of WILLIAM I "the Lion" King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Ohan, near the Sound of Mull 8 Jul 1249[599], bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire[600]). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "the day of St Bartholomew the Apostle" in 1198 of "Alexander the son of William king of the Scots"[601]. He succeeded his father in 1214 as ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, crowned 6 Dec 1214 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death in 1250 of “Alexander rex Scotiæ”[602]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1280 records that "Alexandre" reigned for 37 years, died "a Kenbray en Orkany", and was buried "a Melros"[603].

Betrothed (1200) to MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église collégiale de Saint Pierre). The primary source which confirms her betrothal has not yet been identified.

m firstly (York Minster 19 Jun 1221) JOAN of England, daughter of JOHN King of England & his wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême (22 Jul 1210-Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 4 Mar 1238, bur Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset[604]). Matthew Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[605]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “regi Scotiæ” married “rege…sororem suam” in 1221, specifying that she was eleven years old at the time and had previously been betrothed to “Hugoni Brun”[606]. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1238 of "Johanna regina regis Scotiæ, soror regis Anglorum" while on a visit to her brother in England and her burial "IV Non Mar"[607]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Haveringes III Non Mar” of “regina Scotiæ soror regis Angliæ” and her burial “apud Tarentune monialium”[608].

m secondly (Roxburgh 15 May 1239[609]) as her first husband, MARIE de Coucy, daughter of ENGUERRAND [III] Seigneur de Coucy & third his wife Marie de Montmirail (-[1284/85], bur Newbottle, Scotland). She is named by Matthew Paris, who also names her father when he records her marriage[610]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the marriage in 1239 of "Ingelrannus de Coci…filiam suam" and "regi Scotie Alexandro"[611]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage at Roxburgh in 1239 of "rex Alexander Scociæ" and "filiam domini de Coussy Mariam"[612]. She returned to France 29 Sep 1251 after her husband's death[613], and married secondly ([1251/52]) as his first wife, Jean de Brienne "d'Acre". Her second marriage is confirmed by John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which records that "Maria mater regis Alexandri…uxor Johannis de Aconia" fled her husband for Scotland in 1265[614]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death of "Maria mater Alexandri tertii regis Scotiæ in partibus transmarinis", dated to [1284/85] from the context[615].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Alexander's mistress is not known.

King Alexander II & his second wife had one child:

1. ALEXANDER (Roxburgh 4 Sep 1241-between Burntisland and Kinghorn, Fife 19 Mar 1286). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "on the day of the translation of St Cuthbert the day before Non Sep" in 1241 of "the eldest child of…Alexander king of Scotland…Alexander" at Roxburgh[616]. He succeeded his father in 1249 as ALEXANDER III "the Glorious" King of Scotland, crowned 13 Jul 1249 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. A description of his inauguration ceremony is contained in the chronicle of Fordun[617]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XIV Kal Apr" [1286] of "Alexander rex Scotiæ"[618]. He died after his horse plunged over a cliff. m firstly (York Minster 26 Dec 1251) MARGARET of England, daughter of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (Windsor Castle 5 Oct 1240-Cupar Castle, Fife 26 Feb 1275, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). Her birth is recorded by Matthew Paris [619]. Matthew Paris also records her marriage, as well as the splendour and extravagance of the marriage banquets [620]. The Annals of Burton record the marriage “die Natalis Domini apud Eboracum” in 1251 of “rex Scotiæ, filius regis Alexandri, puer parvulus ix annorum” and “Margaretam filiam regis Henrici Angliæ…eiusdem ætatis”[621]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “apud Eboracum…circa festum beati Stephani” in 1251 of “dominus rex…filiam suam primogenitam” and “regi Scotiæ”[622]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "apud Eboracum" in 1252 of "Henricus rex Margaretam filiam suam" and "regi Scotiæ"[623]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1275 of "Margareta regina Scotie et Beatrix comitissa Britanniæ, filiæ Henrici"[624]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death "IV Kal Mar apud castrum de Cupro" of "Margareta regina Scocie, soror…regis Anglie" and her burial "Dunfermling iuxta regem Dauid"[625]. m secondly (Jedburgh Abbey 1 Nov 1285) as her first husband, YOLANDE de Dreux, daughter of ROBERT [IV] Comte de Dreux & his wife Beatrix Ctss de Montfort ([1269]-2 Aug 1322). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in [1285] of "Alexander rex Scotorum" and "filiam comitis de Drues"[626]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the betrothal "post festum Purificationis beatæ Mariæ virginis" of "rex Alexander" and "Joletam sive Jolandam…filiam…comitis de Droco sive Droys", dated to [1284/85] from the context, and in a later passage their marriage "die S. Calixti" in 1285[627]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the marriage "apud Jedwode die Sancti Calixti" in 1285 of "Alexander rex tercius" and "domina Ioleta filia comitis de Droco", with some details of the celebration[628]. She married secondly (1292) Arthur de Bretagne, who succeeded in 1305 as Arthur II Duke of Brittany. The necrology of Port-Royal records the death "IV Non Aug" of "dame Yoland, royne d'Escosse, duchesse de Bretaigne et contesse de Montfort"[629]. King Alexander III & his first wife had three children:

a) MARGARET (Windsor Castle 28 Feb 1261-Tönsberg 9 Apr 1283, bur Christ Kirk, Bergen). The Annals of Dunstable record the birth in 1260 of “rex Scotiæ…filiam apud Wyndlesores”, noted as the last event in that year[630]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names " Margaretæ filiæ Alexandri regis Scotiæ et Margaretæ reginæ filiæ Henrici regis Anglorum" as wife of "Irici regis Norwegiæ"[631]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the marriage in 1281 of "Margareta filia regis Alexandri" and "Hanigo, Henrico vocato, regi Noricorum"[632]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1281 of "Ericus Norvegiæ rex" and "dominam Margaretham Alexandri Scotorum regis filiam"[633]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "V Id Apr" in 1283 of "domina Margareta Noricorum regina" leaving "unicam filiam…Margaretam"[634]. The Icelandic Annals record the death "Tunsbergis" in 1283 of "Margareta regina…filia Alexandri Scotorum regis"[635]. She died in childbirth. m (Bergen 31 Aug 1281) as his first wife, ERIK II King of Norway, son of MAGNUS IV "Lagabøte/Lagabæter/the Law-reformer" King of Norway & his wife Ingeborg of Denmark (1268-Bergen 13 Jul 1299, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). He was a claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, thirteenth in order on the Great Roll of Scotland. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "regis Norouwegiæ" claimed the Scottish throne "ascendens…ad successionem filiæ suæ Margaretæ"[636]. King Erik & his first wife had one daughter:

i) MARGARET "the Maid of Norway" (Tönsberg before 9 Apr 1283-on board ship off Orkney [26 Sep] 1290, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "V Id Apr" in 1283 of "domina Margareta Noricorum regina" leaving "unicam filiam…Margaretam"[637]. Acknowledged as heir to the throne by the magnates of Scotland in Feb 1284, she succeeded her grandfather in 1286 as MARGARET Queen of Scotland, although her succession was, according to John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator), considered provisional depending whether her grandfather's widow was pregnant[638]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "domino episcopo Sanctiandreæ, domino Willelmo Frasier, domino comite de Fife Duncano cum domino Duncano de Cumyn comite de Buchan…ex parte boriali aquæ de Forth" and "ex parte…australi…Robertus episcopus Glasquensis cum domino Johanne Cumyn et Jacobo senescallo Scociæ" were appointed guardians of the realm after the death of King Alexander[639]. Negotiations for her return from Norway were preceded by the Treaty of Salisbury 9 Nov 1289 under which Edward I King of England confirmed that the government of the guardians in Scotland should be obeyed. This was followed by the Treaty of Birgham in Jul 1290 which confirmed the Queen's betrothal and that Scotland would retain its independence after the marriage took place[640]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the betrothal between "Edward I king of England…Edward his son and heir" and "Margaret the daughter of the king of Norway…the true heiress of Scotland" in 1290[641]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in Orkney of "Margareta filia Irici regis Norwegiæ et Margaretæ filiæ Alexandri regis Scotiæ et Margaretæ reginæ filiæ Henrici regis Anglorum", adding that she was betrothed to "Eadwardo regis Eadwardi filio"[642]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1290 of "virgo Margareta filia Erici regis Norvegiæ"[643]. Queen Margaret's premature death plunged Scotland into a succession crisis, during which thirteen rival claimants to the throne emerged. King Edward I intervened more forcibly in Scottish affairs, acquiring the right to reappoint the guardians 11 Jun 1291 after which he became effective direct ruler of Scotland[644]. The choice of the new ruler was submitted in Aug 1291 to a specially appointed court, Robert Bruce and John Balliol emerging as leading candidates, the final judgment 17 Nov 1292 favouring the latter. Betrothed (Birgham Jul 1290) to EDWARD Prince of Wales, son of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1307 as EDWARD II King of England.

b) ALEXANDER (Jedburgh, Roxburghshire 21 Jun 1264-Lindores Abbey, Fife 28 Jan 1283, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the birth "apud Jedword XII Kal Jan" in 1264 of "regi Alexandro filius, paterno nomine vocatus"[645]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud Lundoris" in 1283 of "Alexander filius Alexandri tercii et…Margaretæ sororis Edwardi Langschankiæ regis Angliæ" aged 20 and his burial "apud Dunfermlyng cum fratre"[646]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death "in festo Sancte Agnetis secundo" in 1283 of "Alexander filius regis Alexandri" aged 20 and his burial "in Dunfermling"[647]. m (Roxburgh 15 Nov 1282) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Flandre, daughter of GUY de Dampierre Count of Flanders & his second wife Isabelle de Luxembourg (-1331). The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage at Roxburgh in 1279 of "Alexander filius Alexandri tercii et…Margaretæ sororis Edwardi Langschankiæ regis Angliæ" and "filiam comitis Flandreæ"[648]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the marriage "apud Roxburgh…dominica proxima post festum Martini" of "Alexander filius regis Alexandri" and "filiam comitis Flandrie" and the celebration which lasted 15 days, adding that she returned to Flanders after her husband died[649]. She married secondly (Namur 3 Jul 1286) as his second wife, Reinald I Graaf von Gelderland. The Kronik van Arent toe Bocop records that "Rennolt…grave van Gelre" married secondly "dye dochter van dye grave van Flanderen", naming her "Mergreta" in a later passage[650]. The contract of marriage between "Renauls cuens de Ghelre et dus de Lemburgh" and "Guyon conte de Flandre et marchis de Namur et…dame Ysabel se feme…et noble damoisel Margherite fille dou conte et delle contesse devant ditte" is dated 21 Apr 1286[651]. The Kronik van Arent toe Bocop records that "dye gravinne van Gelre, Mergreta dochter van Flanderen" died in 1321 and was buried "toe Groenendaell"[652].

c) DAVID (20 Mar 1273-Stirling Castle 1278 or end Jun 1281, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Liber Pluscardensis records the death at Stirling in 1278 of "filius regis Alexandri…David" and his burial "apud Dunfermling"[653]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "apud Strivelyne" in 1280 of "David filius regis Alexandri III" and his burial "apud Dunfermelyn"[654].

King Alexander III had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

2. MARJORY . "Alanus Ostiarius, Justiciarius Scocie" donated property "in parochia de Logindurnach" to Lindores Abbey, for the souls of "pie recordationis domini mei Alexandri quondam…regis Scocie et…Margerie uxoris mee", by undated charter dated to after 1249, witnessed by "Domino Colino Ostiario fratre meo…"[655]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which records that "Robertus abbas de Dunfermelyn, cancellarius regis" was accused of proposing "sororem regis notham…uxorem Alani Ostiarii" as successor to the throne in 1251[656]. m ([1244]) [as his second wife,] ALAN Durward, son of THOMAS de Lundie & his wife --- (-[1268/75], bur Cuprose).

C. DESCENDANTS of WILLIAM FitzDuncan

WILLIAM FitzDuncan, son of DUNCAN II King of Scotland & his wife Ethelreda of Northumberland ([1091/94]-[1153/54]). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records the rebellion of his son "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William[657]. That William was his father's only child is shown by King Duncan's charter dated to 1093 referring to "infans mei". As the actual date of the charter is more likely to be 1094, this leaves little time for the birth of any more children before the king's murder. "…Willelmo nepote comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[658]. "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1119/24] witnessed by "Matilda comitissa, Henrico filio comitis…Willo nepote comitis…"[659]. ["Alexander nepos regis Alexandri…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[660]. No other reference to Alexander nephew of King Alexander has been found. Duncan suggests the entry is an error for William and that his position in the witness list indicates that he may then have been intended by the king as his successor[661]. However, the fact that Alexander also witnessed the [1114/15] Scone charter (see above) indicates that he was a separate person.] William acquired rights in Allerdale, Cumberland, held by his maternal uncle Waltheof[662]. A charter of King Henry II records donations to York St Mary, including the donation of rights relating to “ecclesiam S. Begæ…et terram de Hothneth” by “Willielmus filius Duncani"[663]. "…Willelmus nepos ipsius principis…" witnessed inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow[664]. "…Willelmo filio Duncani…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of St John in the castle of Roxburgh[665]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded his cousin “Alanus filius Waldevi”[666]. "Willelmo nepote Regis…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[667]. Lord of Skipton and Craven de iure uxoris. “Willielmus filius Dunecani nepos regis Scotiæ…et Aeliz de Rumeili uxor mea” confirmed donations of property to Bolton Priory by undated charter[668]. "Willelmo filio Duncani, Gospatrico filio eius…" witnessed a charter dated to before 1138 under which "Gospatricus comes frater Dolfini" made grants to the monks of St Cuthbert[669]. He fought at the battle of the Standard in Aug 1138[670]. "…Willo nepote regis…" witnessed the charter dated 29 Apr 1141 under which David King of Scotland donated "terram de Eldune…Dernewic" to Melrose abbey[671].

[m firstly ---. The name of William´s supposed first wife or mistress is not known. It is clear that William FitzDuncan´s sons Gospatrick and Donald could not have been born from his known marriage. It is not known whether they were sons of an earlier otherwise unrecorded marriage or were illegitimate.]

m [secondly] (1138) as her first husband, ALICE de Rumilly Lady of Skipton, daughter of WILLIAM "le Meschin" Lord of Copeland & his wife Cecily de Rumilly Lady of Skipton. A manuscript genealogy of William de Forz Comte d´Aumâle names “Aliciam de Rumeleya” as daughter of “Willielmus de Mechines primus hæres de Sciptun in Craven”, adding that she married “Willielmo filio Duncan” and was buried “apud Fontes”[672]. A different version of her parentage is provided by the Cronicon Cumbriæ which records that “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, married “Aliciam filiam Roberti de Romeney, domini de Skipton in Craven” and his wife “filiam Willielmi de Meschinis domini de Coupland”[673]. Lady of Skipton. “Willielmus filius Dunecani nepos regis Scotiæ…et Aeliz de Rumeili uxor mea” confirmed donations of property to Bolton Priory by undated charter[674]. “Aaliz de Rumelli” donated property to Pontefract Priory, with the consent of “Willielmi filii mei”, for the soul of “domini mei Willielmi filii Dunecani”, by undated charter[675]. She married secondly (before 1156[676]) Alexander FitzGerold. Dugdale summarises donations to Southwark priory, including the donation of “cheese at Badleking in the manor of Kingston Lisle in Berkshire” made by "Alexander Fitzgerald" and confirmed by "Alice de Rumeley, wife of Alexander"[677].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of William's mistress is not known.

William FitzDuncan & his [first wife or mistress] had two [maybe illegitimate] children:

1. GOSPATRICK . "Willelmo filio Duncani, Gospatrico filio eius…" witnessed a charter dated to before 1138 under which "Gospatricus comes frater Dolfini" made grants to the monks of St Cuthbert[678].

2. DONALD MacWilliam (-killed in battle Mamgarvey [Mngarnia] Moor, Speyside 31 Jul 1187). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Macwilliam" rebelled against William "the Lion" King of Scotland, but was killed by Scottish forces on Mount Mamgarvey, near Moray[679]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the rebellion of "Mackwillam…vero nomine Donaldum Ban…filium…Willelmi filii Duncani Bastardi, qui fuit filius major Malcolmi regis Scotiæ viri S. Margaretæ" who captured "duo castella…Dunschath et Edirdovar" but was killed "in mora…Macgarvy prope Moraviam…pridie Kal Aug"[680]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had four children:

a) GODFREY MacWilliam (-beheaded Kincardine 1211). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Guthred son of Macwilliam" rebelled against William "the Lion" King of Scotland in 1211[681]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Gothredus Makwilliam" rebelled against King William, was captured by "Willelmum Cummyne comitem Buchquanie" and beheaded "apud Kincardin"[682].

b) DONALD MacWilliam (-killed in battle Morayshire 15 Jun 1215). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Donald Ban the son of Macwilliam" invaded Moray in 1215 with Kenneth MacAht and "the son of a certain king of Ireland at the head of a large troop of wicked ones", but he was beheaded by Ferquhard MacTaggart (later created Earl of Ross) who presented his head to Alexander II King of Scotland 15 Jun 1215[683].

c) daughter . m --- MacEwen, son of ---. --- MacEwen & his wife had one child:

i) GILLESPIE MacEwen (-killed 1229). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the rebellion in 1222 of "quidam iniqui de genere MacWilliam…Gillascop et filii eius, et Rodericus in extremis Scotiæ finibus"[684]. The Chronicle of Lanercost records the rebellion in 1230 of "quidam iniqui de genere Mach William…et filius eius, et quidam Rotherike"[685]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Gillescop…et duo filii eius" were killed in 1229 and their heads sent to the king[686]. m ---. The name of Gillespie's wife is not known. Gillespie & his wife had three children:

(a) 2 sons (-killed 1229). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Gillescop…et duo filii eius" were killed in 1229 and their heads sent to the king[687].

(b) daughter (-killed Forfar [1229/30]). The Chronicle of Lanercost records the rebellion in 1230 of "quidam iniqui de genere Mach William…et filius eius, et quidam Rotherike" and the murder of "Mac William filia, adhuc recens de matris utero edita" at Forfar[688].

d) GOSPATRICK MacWilliam (-before 1208). Lord of Airton in Yorkshire. His descendants are extant[689].

William FitzDuncan & his second wife had four children:

3. WILLIAM "the Boy of Egremont" (-drowned Bolton Wharf after 1155). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “Willielmum puerum de Egremund” as the son “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that he died young[690]. “Aaliz de Rumelli” donated property to Pontefract Priory, with the consent of “Willielmi filii mei”, for the soul of “domini mei Willielmi filii Dunecani”, by undated charter[691]. Lord of Egremont.

4. CICELY (-before 1190). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Cicely received the honor of Skipton and married “Willielmo le Grossus comiti Albemarliæ”[692]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Skipton. "Willelmus comes Albemarlie" confirmed donations to St Bees, for the souls of "…antecessorum uxoris mee Cecilie", by undated charter[693]. "Cecilia comitissa Albamarlie" donated land "inter Esc et Duden…Kirkesantan et Haverigg…et Thueites" to St Bees, and confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Gosford" made by "W[illelmi] fratris mei", by undated charter[694]. m GUILLAUME Comte d'Aumâle Lord of Holderness, son of ETIENNE de Troyes Comte d'Aumâle [Blois] & his wife Hawise de Mortimer (-20 Aug 1179, bur Abbey of Thornton, Lincolnshire).

5. AMABEL (-before 1201). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Amabel received the honor of Egremont and married “Reginaldo de Lucy”, by whom he fathered “Amabillam et Aliciam, et successit Amabillæ Lambertus de Multon”, the latter being succeeded by “Thomas de Multon de Egremond”[695]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Egremont and Copeland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Robertus de Stutevill" held "villam de Thorpennoi de domino rege" in Cumberland which was "de baronia Alicie de Rumill" and that "Reginaldus de Lucy" had held the land "cum sorore predicte Alicie" and refused homage to "Philippi de Valoines, antecessoris predicti Roberti et uxoris sue"[696]. m (before 1162) REYNOLD de Lucy, [697][relative of RICHARD de Lucy, Justiciar of England] (-[1199/1200]). Keeper of Nottingham castle when it was burnt by Earl Ferrers in the rebellion of 1174[698].

6. ALICE (before [1153/54][699]-[6 Mar or 18 Mar] [1212/1215], bur [Gisburne Priory]). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Alice received “Aspatrike, et baronia de Allerdale et libertate de Cokermouth” and married “Gilberto Pipard” and secondly “Roberto de Courtenay”, but died childless and was succeeded by “Thomas de Lucy, cui successit Thomas filius eius, cui successit Antonius frater eius”[700]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Allerdale and Cockermouth. "Ric de Luci fil Reginaldi de Luci" paid a fine for "terra sua de Copland et in Cautebige" relating to a claim against "B. com Albemarl et uxore sua et versus Rob de Curtenay et Alic uxorem suam", dated 1200[701]. “Ælicia de Rumely, filia Willielmi filii Duncani” confirmed donations of property to Gisburne Priory by “antecessorum meorum…Waldevi filii Cospatrici comitis, et Alani filii Waldevi”, by undated charter[702]. “Alicia de Rumelli filia Willielmi filii Dunecani” donated property to Fountains Abbey by undated charter[703]. The Feet of Fines records the judgment dated 8 Dec 1195 in a claim by "Walterus Pipard" against "Rob de Curtenai…loco Alic de Rumilie ux sue" concerning land "in Croumse"[704]. "Robertus de Curtenei" donated revenue from "molendino…de Kokermuth" to St Bees, with the advice of "uxoris mee Aaliz de Rumeleie", to St Bees by undated charter, witnessed by "…Willelmo de Curtenei…"[705]. “Alicia de Rumely, filia Willielmi filii Duncani” donated property to Gisburne Priory, for the souls of “maritorum meorum Gilberti Pypard et Roberti de Curtenay”, by undated charter[706]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Aliz de Romely" holding property in Cumberland in [1210/12][707]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Alicia de Rumilly" held "terram suam in Alredal de domino rege" in Cumberland which King Henry I had granted to "Waldevo filio Gospatric, antecessoris predicte Alicie"[708]. The obituary of Gisburne priory records the death “II Non Mar” of "Aliciæ de Rumley"[709]. m firstly GILBERT Pipard, Sheriff of Gloucester and Hereford, son of --- (-[Sep 1191/Sep 1192]). m secondly (before 8 Dec 1195) as his second wife, ROBERT de Courtenay Lord of Sutton, Berkshire, Sheriff of Cumberland, son of RENAUD Sire de Courtenay & his first wife Helvis de Donjon (-[1207/09]).

William FitzDuncan had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

7. WILLIAM . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m (1138) ---.

Chapter 4. KINGS of SCOTLAND (BALLIOL)

According to the Complete Peerage, this family came from Bailleul-en-Vimeu in Picardie[710]. This is based on the charter dated to [1138] under which “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated "the altars they held by inheritance…Domnopetro, Baiollio, Tours, Aerdicuria, Ramburellis, Allenai" [all in Picarie] to Cluny[711]. This origin is confirmed by a charter dated 1304 under which "Jehans rois d´Escoce et sires de Bailleul-en-Vimeu" sold property to the commune of Abbeville[712].

A. ORIGINS

Two brothers, parents not known.

1. GUY de Balliol (-[1112/30]). A charter of King Henry II records donations to York St Mary, including the donation of “ecclesiam et…terræ in Stocalea et ecclesiam de Skaintuna et…ecclesiam de Gaynford” by “Wydo de Balliol”[713]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Hugo de Bailliol" holding "baroniam de Biwelle" in Northumberland which had been granted by King William II to "antecessores"[714]. This could indicate a grant to Guy de Balliol, who was presumably contemporary to King William II, but this is not certain. “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][715]. m DIONISIA, daughter of ---. “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][716]. Guy & his wife had one child:

a) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated to [1149/52] under which “Rogerus Bertram” confirmed donations to the church of St Mary, York by “pater meus Willelmus et avus meus Wido de Balliolo”[717]. m WILLIAM Bertram, son of ---. William & his wife had one child:

i) ROGER Bertram (-after [1149/52]). “Rogerus Bertram” confirmed donations to the church of St Mary, York by “pater meus Willelmus et avus meus Wido de Balliolo”, by charter dated to [1149/52][718].

2. --- de Balliol (-[before [1112/22]). His relationship with Guy de Balliol is confirmed by the charter dated to [1150] under which his son "B. de Balliolo" granted Gainford church and the chapel of Barnard´s Castle, Durham, inherited from "Wid de Balliol me avuncul", to York St Mary[719]. As the two named individuals share the same name "Balliol", it is assumed that "avunculus" in this document should be interpreted as meaning paternal uncle, instead of its strict meaning. The possibility cannot be excluded entirely that Bernard´s was the son of Guy´s sister and that he adopted his uncle´s name as a condition of inheriting his estate. However, if this was correct, it is difficult to understand why Guy would have preferred as his successor a more remote relation in the female line rather than his own daughter. m ---. The name of his wife is not known. Four children:

a) BERNARD de Balliol (-[1150]). “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][720]. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Ber de Bailleol" in Yorkshire, Northumberland (three times)[721]. “B. de Balliolo” confirmed donations of property to the abbey of St Mary, York, made by “Wido de Balliolo meus avunculus”, for the souls of “ipsius Widonis…et filiorum meorum vivorum et defunctorum”, by charter dated to [1132/53], witnessed by “Ingelranno de Ball…”[722]. He fought against the Scots at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny, in the presence of “fratrum meorum”, by charter dated [1138] which names “fratris mei Radulfi monachis”[723]. He was taken prisoner at Lincoln with King Stephen in 1139. He made a grant of land at Hitchin, Hertfordshire to the Templars dated 27 Apr 1147 at Paris [724]. "B. de Balliolo" granted Gainford church and the chapel of Barnard´s Castle, Durham, inherited from "Wid de Balliol me avuncul", to York St Mary by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Ingelranno de Ball…Bnard de Ball…"[725]. "Bernard de Baill" donated "piscatoria in Twede" to the monastery of Kelso, for the souls of "H. [error for "M."?] comit. et filii mei" by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Wydone filio meo et Bernardo et aliis"[726]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[727]. m MATILDA, daughter of ---. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][728]. "Bernard de Baill" donated "piscatoria in Twede" to the monastery of Kelso, for the souls of "H. [error for "M."?] comit. et filii mei" by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Wydone filio meo et Bernardo et aliis"[729]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[730]. Bernard & his wife had five children:

i) INGELRAN (-before [1150]). The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[731]. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][732]. "B. de Balliolo" granted Gainford church and the chapel of Barnard´s Castle, Durham, inherited from "Wid de Balliol me avuncul", to York St Mary by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Ingelranno de Ball…Bnard de Ball…"[733]. m --- de Berkeley, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

ii) GUY . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[734]. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][735]. "Bernard de Baill" donated "piscatoria in Twede" to the monastery of Kelso, for the souls of "H. [error for "M."?] comit. et filii mei" by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Wydone filio meo et Bernardo et aliis"[736]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][737].

iii) EUSTACE (-after 1166). The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[738]. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][739]. Military fee certifications in the Red Book of the Exchequer, in 1166, record that "Eustachius de Boilloil" held one knight´s fee in Mere, Wiltshire [from "Girardi Giffard"][740].

iv) BERNARD de Balliol (-after 1174). The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[741]. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][742]. "Bernard de Baill" donated "piscatoria in Twede" to the monastery of Kelso, for the souls of "H. [error for "M."?] comit. et filii mei" by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Wydone filio meo et Bernardo et aliis"[743]. "B. de Balliolo" granted Gainford church and the chapel of Barnard´s Castle, Durham, inherited from "Wid de Balliol me avuncul", to York St Mary by charter dated to [1150], witnessed by "Ingelranno de Ball…Bnard de Ball…"[744]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][745]. The Red Book of the Exchequer refers to "Bernardus de Ballol xx l" in Yorkshire in [1161/62][746]. “Bernardus de Balliolo” donated property to the monks of Rievaulx, for the souls of “…Jocelini avunculi mei…et uxoris mee”, by charter dated to [1161/67][747]. He captured William "the Lion" King of Scotland at Alnwick in 1174 after the latter's invasion of Northumberland. He is reputed to have founded Barnard Castle on the banks of the River Tees[748]. m AGNES de Pinkeney, daughter of ---. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[749]. Bernard & his wife had [two] children:

(a) EUSTACE de Balliol (-after 5 Jun 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

- see below.

(b) [HUGH de Balliol . "Ada comitissa mater regis Scot" donated "unam marcham argenti", from "Malisus de Pethmolin", to St Andrew´s priory for lighting the church, for the soul of "comitis Henrici sponsi mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Hug Giff, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hug de Baiol…Willo Giff…"[750]. As the death of Ctss Ada is recorded in 1178, the witness Hugh Balliol could not have been Hugh Lord of Biwell, son of Eustace (see below). It is possible that he was an otherwise unrecorded brother of Eustace de Balliol.]

v) HAWISE . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][751]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][752]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[753]. The second Hawise has not yet been identified.

b) JOCELYN de Balliol . "…Jocelino de Baillol…" witnessed the charter dated 31 Aug 1153 under which Henry Duke of Normandy confirmed an agreement between Rainulf Earl of Chester and the bishop of Lincoln"[754]. “Bernardus de Balliolo” donated property to the monks of Rievaulx, for the souls of “…Jocelini avunculi mei…et uxoris mee”, by charter dated to [1161/67][755]. King John confirmed "terre in Burton et pasturam de Gaveldon" which "Joscelin de Bailleul" had granted to "Galf Le Paum pater predicte Matild", approving a settlement agreement between "Everard et Matilde et Eustach de Baylloel, nepote et herede predicti Joscelin", by charter dated 5 Jun 1205[756]. m ---. The name of Jocelyn's wife is not known. Jocelyn & his wife had one child:

i) INGELRAN . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

c) RALPH de Balliol . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny, in the presence of “fratrum meorum”, by charter dated [1138] which names “fratris mei Radulfi monachis”[757]. Monk.

d) daughter . m HUGH, son of ---. Hugh & his wife had two children:

i) ROGER FitzHugh . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[758].

ii) JOHN FitzHugh . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Bernardus Bail senior, Bernardus junior filius eius, Ingelram le b filius eius, Wid et Eustacius filii eius, Matilda mater et Hawisia et altera Hawis, et domina Agnes de Pinchensi uxor junioris Bernardi, Rogerus filius Hugonis nepos eius et Johannes frater Rogerii"[759].

1. --- de Balliol . m ISABEL de Trouville, daughter of --- (-after [Oct] 1227). Henry III King of England consented to "Ysabella de Bailloil" selling the lands she held "in dotem in Heresham, Haverhell, Denardeston et Bivelham" to "Henrico de Trublevill fratri suo" dated [Oct] 1227[760].

EUSTACE de Balliol, son of BERNARD de Balliol & his wife Agnes de Pincheny (-after 5 Jun 1205). He gave £100 for licence to marry the widow of Robert FitzPiers[761]. The Red Book of the Exchequer, listing scutage payments in [1196/97], records "Eustachius de Bailliol" paying "xx s, i militem" in Northamptonshire[762]. King John confirmed "terre in Burton et pasturam de Gaveldon" which "Joscelin de Bailleul" had granted to "Galf Le Paum pater predicte Matild", approving a settlement agreement between "Everard et Matilde et Eustach de Baylloel, nepote et herede predicti Joscelin", by charter dated 5 Jun 1205[763].

[m firstly --- (-before 1194). The marriage of Eustace´s grandson John in 1233 suggests that John´s father could not have been born from Eustace´s marriage with Perronelle, but rather from an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage.]

m [secondly] (1194) PERRONELLE, widow of ROBERT FitzPiers of Cherhill, daughter of ---. The 1194/95 Pipe Roll records "Eustacius de Baillol" in Wiltshire "pro habenda uxore que fuit Robert f Petri"[764].

Eustace de Balliol & his [first] wife had two children:

1. HUGH de Balliol (-1228). Lord of Biwell. "Hugo de Balliol" confirmed the donation of "piscaria…ad Wudehorn…Wudehornestelle in flumie de Tuede" made to the monastery of Kelso by "qm Bernardo de Bailloil" by charter dated to [1200][765]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Hugo de Baylol" holding "baroniam de Bywelle" with five knights´ fees in Northumberland in [1210/12][766]. Lord of Hiche, Essex. Of Barnard Castle, he helped in the defence of the castle against Alexander II King of Scotland who invaded England in 1216[767]. “Hugo de Baillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Fountains, by charter dated to [1190/1210][768]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Hugo de Baillol" holding four knights´ fees "de Stokeley" in Yorkshire, and three in Essex, Hertfordshire, in [1210/12][769]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Hugo de Bailliol" holding "baroniam de Biwelle" in Northumberland which had been granted by King William II to "antecessores"[770]. "Hugo de Baillol" donated land at Newsam to Rievaulx abbey, for the soul of "uxoris meæ Ceciliæ", by undated charter[771]. m CECILIA de Fontaines, daughter of ALLEAUME de Fontaines & his wife Laure de Saint-Valéry. "Hugo de Baillol" donated land at Newsam to Rievaulx abbey, for the soul of "uxoris meæ Ceciliæ", by undated charter[772]. Hugh de Balliol donated his fishery at Courchon, part of the dowry of his wife "fille de sa…mere Lorette de St Valery", to the chapter of Longpré [Longpré-les-Corps-Saints, Picardie, near Bailleul-en-Vimeu[773]] by charter dated 1210[774]. Hugh de Balliol & his wife had two children:

a) JOHN de Balliol (-before 27 Oct 1268). "John de Balliol, son and heir of Hugh Balliol" made a fine for "his relief of 30 knights´ fees that Hugh de Balliol his father held of the king in chief", dated [Apr] 1229[775]. Of Barnard Castle, co Durham.

- see below.

b) ADA de Balliol (-Stokesley late Jul 1251). A writ after the death of "Ada alias Eda de Baylliol alias de Baillol", dated "8 Sep 35 Hen III", and later inquisitions record that "Stokesley Manor was given by Sir Hugh de Balloil in free marriage to Ada his daughter who, after the death of her husband, enfeoffed Hugh and Robert her sons thereof", that "the said Lady Ada died at Stokesley on Saturday after St James the Apostle, 35 Hen III" and that "the said Hugh took and held seisin of the said manor, in the name of himself and his brother, until expelled"[776]. [777]m JOHN FitzRobert of Warkworth, co. Northumberland, son of --- (-before 1251). John & his wife had three children:

i) ROGER FitzJohn (-1249). Matthew Paris records the death in a 1249 tournament of "quidam de nobilioribus baronibus Borealibus Rogerus filius Johannis" and names his mother "Ada de Bailliol"[778].

ii) HUGH . A writ after the death of "Ada alias Eda de Baylliol alias de Baillol", dated "8 Sep 35 Hen III", and later inquisitions record that "Stokesley Manor was given by Sir Hugh de Balloil in free marriage to Ada his daughter who, after the death of her husband, enfeoffed Hugh and Robert her sons thereof", that "the said Lady Ada died at Stokesley on Saturday after St James the Apostle, 35 Hen III" and that "the said Hugh took and held seisin of the said manor, in the name of himself and his brother, until expelled"[779].

iii) ROBERT . A writ after the death of "Ada alias Eda de Baylliol alias de Baillol", dated "8 Sep 35 Hen III", and later inquisitions record that "Stokesley Manor was given by Sir Hugh de Balloil in free marriage to Ada his daughter who, after the death of her husband, enfeoffed Hugh and Robert her sons thereof"[780].

2. EUSTACE de Balliol (-after 1269). Sheriff of Cumberland and governor of Carlisle Castle in 1260/61. He accompanied Edward, son of Henry I King of England, on crusade to Palestine in 1269[781]. m HAWISE de Boyville, daughter and heiress of RALPH de Boyville of Levington & his wife Ada de Furnivall née --- ([1247/48]-before 1274). A writ after the death of "Ada late the wife of William de Furnivall", dated "15 May 55 Hen III", names "Helewisa her daughter, wife of Sir Eustace de Baylloll, aged 23" as her heir[782]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 13 Sep 1274 under which "Walter de Corry, cousin and one of the heirs of Helewisa de Levynton wife of Eustace de Balliol deceased" swore homage to King Edward I for his portion of her lands[783].

1. INGELRAN de Balliol . Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to St Andrew´s priory, including the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" by "Malcolmi comitis de Hathoil et ex confirmacione Henrici filii sui", by undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign, witnessed by "…Engeram de Bayllol…"[784]. The parentage of this Ingelran de Balliol has not yet been ascertained. It is chronologically impossible that he was Ingelran, son of Bernard de Balliol, given the estimated marriage date of his daughter Ellen. It is also unlikely that he was Ingelran, son of Jocelyn de Balliol, who belonged to the generation earlier than Ingelran son of Bernard. From a chronological point of view, it is possible that he was the son of Eustace Balliol (son of Bernard de Balliol). m ---. The name of Ingelran´s wife is not known. Ingelran & his wife had three children:

a) HENRY de Balliol (-after 12 Feb 1246). According to the Complete Peerage, Henry was son of Ingelran and brother of Ellen[785]. It has not been possible to check the sources cited. According to Burke´s Extinct Peerage, he was the son of Eustace de Balliol[786], although this source is usually less reliable. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Henricus de Baylol" holding one knight´s fee "in Bingeham" in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire in [1210/12][787]. "…Henrico de Ballol…" witnessed the charter dated 3 Feb 1231 under which Alexander II King of Scotland founded Balmerino Abbey[788]. "Henr de Balliol cam, Johe de Vall, Nichol de Sulis" witnessed the charter dated 16 Feb 1246 under which Alexander II King of Scotland recorded a dispute regarding "terram de Dunroden quam tenet in Galuuath de dono Fergi" and Holyrood abbey[789]. m (before 1233) LORETA de Valoignes, daughter of WILLIAM de Valoignes Chamberlain of Scotland & his wife Loreta de Quincy (-after 25 May 1233). "Henry de Balliol and Lora his wife, David Cumin and Isabel his wife, and Piers de Maudue and Christine his wife, had livery of the lands which Christine, late the wife of W. Earl of Maundeville had held from the king in chief" dated 25 May 1233[790]. Henry & his wife had three children:

i) GUY Balliol (-killed in battle Evesham 1265). "Alexander de Balliolo dominus de Caveris" donated "medietatem bosci de Gladiswod que quondam fuit domini Johannis de Wallibus et domine Deruorgille sponse sue" to Dryburgh monastery, for the soul of "domini Gwido fratris mei", by undated charter[791]. Standard-bearer of Simon de Montfort at the battle of Evesham in 1265, where he was killed[792].

ii) Sir ALEXANDER Balliol of Cavers, co. Roxburgh (-[19 Apr 1310/Jun 1311]). "Alexander de Balliolo dominus de Caveris" donated "medietatem bosci de Gladiswod que quondam fuit domini Johannis de Wallibus et domine Deruorgille sponse sue" to Dryburgh monastery, for the soul of "domini Gwido fratris mei", by undated charter[793]. Lord of Chilham, by right of his wife. A charter dated to [20 Jan/Feb] in 1280 records King Edward I´s permission for "Christiana de Maune and Alexander de Balliol, the heirs of Robert de Valoignes" to pay a debt at a reduced amount[794]. Chamberlain of Scotland [1287/94]. He was summoned to Parliament in 1300 as Baron Balliol[795]. Chamberlain of Scotland [1287/94]. The Ragman Roll names "Sir Alexander de Balliol knight" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Montrose 10 Jul 1296[796]. m (shortly after 7 Nov 1270) as her second husband, ISABEL of Chilham, widow of DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, daughter of RICHARD Lord of Chilham & his wife Maud Ctss of Angus (after 1245-18 Mar 1292). She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. "Alexander de Balliol and Isabella his wife…going to Scotland" appointed attorneys for their affairs in England[797]. Leland quotes a manuscript which records the death "XV Kal Apr…apud Chilham" in 1292 of "Domina Isabella de Dovora comitissa de Assele" and her burial "Cantuar: in ecclesia Christi"[798]. A charter dated 1 May 1292 ordered the valuation of the assets of "the late Isabella countess of Athol to her husband Alexander de Balliol"[799]. Sir Alexander & his wife had two children:

(a) Sir THOMAS Balliol (-after 7 Feb 1313). He succeeded his father as Lord of Cavers[800].

(b) ALEXANDER Balliol (-after 1346). He was a prisoner at Berkhamsted 12 Oct 1301, released from the Tower 28 Mar 1310. He was cited in 1316 and 1346[801].

iii) LORA Balliol (-1309). The Stemma fundatoris of Bardney Abbey names “Loram, sororem Alexandri de Balliolf” as wife of ”Gilbertus”, son of Gilbert, adding that they died childless[802]. Inquisitions after the death of "Gilbert de Gaunt", dated "26 Jan 2 Edw I", records that the deceased gave "Hundemanby…to Gilbert his son and heir in marriage with Lora de Balyolo"[803]. m (before 26 Jan 1274) Sir GILBERT de Gaunt Lord Gaunt, son of Sir GILBERT de Gaunt of Folkingham & his wife --- ([1249]-1298).

b) EUSTACE Balliol (-after Sep 1262). "Eustachius de Balliol dominus de Turribus" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam sancti Constantini de Kolmanele que nunc dicitru Kirkostintyn…ecclesiam sancte Brigide de Blaket" made by "Uthredus filius Fergus", and "ecclesiam suam de Kircostintyn et de Kirkebrid" made to Holyrood abbey by "Engeraldus de Balliolo pater meus", by charter dated early Sep 1262[804]. The former confirmation suggests a relationship with the family of the lords of Galloway but, if this is correct, its precise nature has not been ascertained. m AGNES de Percy, daughter of --- (-after 1276). King Edward I confirmed the grant by "Agnes de Balliol to her son Ingeram de Balliol of her land at Foxton" for five years from 11 Jun 1275, by charter dated 5 May 1276[805]. Eustace & his wife had one child:

i) INGELRAM Balliol (-after 1276). King Edward I confirmed the grant by "Agnes de Balliol to her son Ingeram de Balliol of her land at Foxton" for five years from 11 Jun 1275, by charter dated 5 May 1276[806].

c) ELLEN de Balliol (-shortly before 22 Nov 1281). She is recorded as the daughter of Ingelran de Balliol[807]. Heiress of Dalton (Percy) co. Durham. m ([1233/35]) as his second wife, WILLIAM de Percy, son of HENRY de Percy & his wife Isabel de Brus ([1196/98]-shortly before 28 Jul 1245, probably bur Salley Abbey, his heart bur at Sandown Hospital with his first wife).

1. WILLIAM de Balliol (-after Jul 1296). The Ragman Roll names "Sir William de Balliol rector of Kirkepatrik" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Montrose 12 Jul 1296[808].

JOHN de Balliol, son of HUGH Balliol [Bailleul] of Barnard Castle & his wife Cecilia de Fontaines (-before 27 Oct 1268). "John de Balliol, son and heir of Hugh Balliol" made a fine for "his relief of 30 knights´ fees that Hugh de Balliol his father held of the king in chief", dated [Apr] 1229[809]. Bracton records a claim, dated 1230, by "Johannes de Cauz et Alina uxor eius James de Cauz et Alesia uxor eius" against "Johannem de Bailliol" concerning "Hugonem de Bailliol patrem predicti Johannis de Baillol…terra"[810]. Of Barnard Castle, co Durham. Lord of Galloway, de iure uxoris. Sheriff of Cumberland and governor of Carlisle Castle. He supported Henry III King of England against the barons, and was captured with the king at the battle of Lewes in 1264 by Simon de Montfort Earl of Leicester[811]. He and his wife founded Balliol College, Oxford in 1263[812]. A writ after the death of "John de Balliolo", dated "27 Oct 52 Hen III", and later inquisitions name "Sir Hugh de Balliolo his son, age variously stated as 28 or more, and 30 and more" as his heir[813]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death in 1269 of "John de Balliol…a lover of scholars", adding that "he built a house at Oxford"[814].

m (1233[815]) DEVORGUILLA of Galloway, daughter of ALAN Lord of Galloway & his second wife Margaret of Scotland (-28 Jan 1290